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    Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) in Soil and Water from Electrical Transformers Installation Sites in Selected Locations in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria
    (Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2018-04-15) Ibrahim E. G.; Gushit J. S.; Salami S. J.
    Soil and water samples from surroundings of selected Electricity Transformer installations belonging to the Jos Electricity Distribution (JED) Plc, Jos were analyzed for different congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) widely used as coolants. The EPA 3550 and 3510 methods were used for the sampling, preparation and extraction of the soil and water samples respectively. The extracts were cleaned up using column chromatography packed with silica gel (120 mesh). Thereafter, it was concentrated for characterization and quantification using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy Detector (GC-MSD). Fifteen (15) congeners were identified and quantified in the soil samples. The result obtained shows C52 to have the highest concentration with the value of 5.84 mg/kg. The range for the concentrations of the various congeners identified are: C18 (0.00-0.05 mg/kg), C20 (0.27-0.70 mg/kg), C28 (0.28-0.39 mg/kg), C29 (0.28-0.39 mg/kg), C44 (0.15-0.54 mg/kg), C52 (0.09-5.84 mg/kg), C101 (0.38-0.51 mg/kg), C137 (0. 45-1.79 mg/kg), C142 (0.00-0.55 mg/kg), C153 (0.37-1.20 mg/kg), C170 (0.15-1.59 mg/kg), C180 (0.00-0.47 mg/kg) and C194 (0.00-0.32 mg/kg). Similarly, for the water samples only C20, C28, C29, C101, C105 and C153 were identified and quantified. The result shows C153 having the highest concentration with the value of 0.57 mg/l followed by C105 (0.48 mg/l), C101 (0.37 mg/l), C28 and C29 have same concentration of 0.28 mg/l. From thirty samples analyzed, the result of the soils is below the Canadian Reference maximum allowable limit while that of water has some values higher than the recommended allowable limit. The studies showed various concentrations are link with ages of Transformer installation, as those installed earlier had more congeners with higher concentrations than the recent ones.
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    MOBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS OBTAINED FROM OPEN-AIR AUTOMOBILE REPAIR SHOP IN JOS NORTH LGA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
    (Ewemen Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry, 2019-03) GUSHIT J.S.; OMADEFU K.O.; EGILA J.N.
    In this work, the forms of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) were determined in soil samples from four automobile maintenance and repair shops (garages) within Jos North LGA of Plateau State. Samples were collected from four different garages namely; Army Engineer (site A), Angwan Rukuba (site B), Farin Gada (site C) and Tudun Wada (site D). The samples collected were prepared and analyzed for the various forms (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual) of the heavy metals using the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction techniques and detected using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result showed Zn concentration as highest in all the sites with an average of 37.62±0.03 mg/kg, followed by Pb with average concentration of 3.38±0.01 mg/kg, CU and Ni with average values of 2.03±0.01 mg/kg and 0.18±0.00 mg/kg respectively. Cd was only found to be in the exchangeable form at site D and below the detectable limit in sites A, B, and C. However, Cu was more associated to the exchangeable forms in sites C and D while in sites A and B it was associated with the oxidizable and residual forms, respectively. The residual form of Ni was highest in all the sites while the reducible form showed highest for Pb. Zn was more associated with the exchangeable fraction in all the sites except site A which has more of the residual form. Zn and Cu were found to be mobile and bioavailable in all the sites while Ni was not. However, Pb was mobile and bioavailable in sites B and D, while Cd was only bioavailable in site D. The individual contamination factor (ICF) was highest for Cu, followed by Zn and Pb. This suggests higher risk of Zn, Cu and Pb pollution in garage soils. The work recommends in the immediate run that both in-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques be used to rectify the heavy metal contamination in this sites.