Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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    Are Bombax buonopozense and Bombax malabaricum possible nutraceuticals for age management?
    (Preventive Medicine, 2012) Ndidi C. Ngwuluka
    Human longevity and healthy ageing though controversial require extended investigations. Some studies have shown that ageing can be managed by reducing the amounts of free radicals the cells are exposed to Oxidative stress has been shown to be combated by antioxidants and plant sources are known to generate antioxidants that are efficacious and low in toxicity. This review aims to enlighten on antioxidants from Bombax buonopozense and Bombax malabaricum for prevention, reversal or delay of age-related diseases. Furthermore, it advocates for more studies to enable the shift from research to commercial applications of the antioxidants as nutraceuticals in age management.
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    Subchronic Oral Toxicity of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of AnogeissusLeiocarpus on Albino Rats
    (Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2013) *Dayom DW1, Wannang NN2, Bukar BB2, Afedia E3
    Background/Purpose:- Natural products are the cornerstone of healthcare delivery in many poorresource countries like Nigeria. However, they pose great potentials for systemic toxicity which should be identified and avoided or at least minimized. Method:- The effect of Anogeissusleiocarpus leaves was tested on the haematological parameters and some isolated organ morphology of rats following subchronic oral feeding of the rats with the aqueous extract for between 7-28 days. Result:- The plant decreased (p<0.05) platelet counts at all doses in the first 7 days of treatment. After 14-day treatment, changes in WBCs, RBCs, PCV and Hb were not significant (P>0.1). However, following 28 days of treatment, RBCs, PCV and Hb increased (p<0.05) while changes in other parameters were not significant. There was no significant effect on kidney, liver and heart except a decrease (p<0.05) in dry weights of the isolated organs at 300mg/kg following 28-day treatment. There was no visible histopathologicchangs in the isolated organs sectioned. Conclusion: - Anogeissusleiocarpus leave extract caused fluctuating dose-independent changes in blood parameters and isolated organ weights. It is substantially non-toxic as the observed changes were not significant to preclude its use.
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    In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antibacterial activity of Bridelia ferrugine extracts on some clinical isolates
    (The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2018-08) Yunana B.T.*, Guiyi J.C., Bukar B.B
    The ethanol extracts of root, bark and leaf of Bridelia ferrugineawas investigated for antibacterial activity against clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The extracts had significant antibacterial activity in vitro at concentration of 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml and in vivo at dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. The root extract in vitro had the highest zone of inhibition, followed by the bark extract for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The concentration of 200 mg/ml had the highest zone of inhibition in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed a decreasing inhibitory effect of the plant extracts for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as the concentration decreases with root having 3.125 mg/ml, bark having 6.25 mg/ml and leaf having 25 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Likewise, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) showed decreasing bactericide effects with decrease concentration with root having 12.5 mg/ml, bark having 12.5 mg/ml and leaf having 25 mg/ml for Escherichia coli while root had 6.25mg/ml, bark had 12.5mg/ml and leaf had 25mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. The in vivo investigation showed that the root and bark extract exhibited antibacterial activity on both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at doses of 100mg/kg and 50mg/kg; the root extract had higher activity than the bark and root/bark combined. The dose of 100 mg/kg had the highest colonies reduction for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vivo. Preliminary phytochemical screening of root, bark and leaves of Bridelia ferruginea revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycoside (root, bark and leaves), saponins (root and bark). The presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside and carbohydrate in the bark and root extracts of the plant indicates that the bark and root extracts were pharmacological importance.
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    ANALGESIC AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE MUSHROOM GANODERMA APPLANATUM
    (IJRRAS, 2012-10) Samuel O. Ede1*, Edward Olaniru1, Sunday Otimenyin1, John C. Aguiyi1 & Ekwere O. Ekwere2
    Objective: The ethanolic extract of the mushroom, Ganoderma applanatum was investigated for the presence of secondary metabolites, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Material and Methods: The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening for the identification of secondary metabolites. Using intraperitoneal doses of 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg body weight, in vivo anti-inflammatory screening was carried out in rats using the rat paw oedema test while analgesic activity of the extract was done in mice using the hot plate test. Results: The study shows that the extract has an LD50 of 3273 mg/kg and the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids and steroids. Saponins and tannins were absent. Dose and time dependent suppression of egg-white induced oedema in the rat paw test was observed, with maximum percentage suppression occurring at 600mg/kg (59.2%). The extract also significantly prolonged the reaction time in mice to noxious thermal stimuli. Conclusion: Ganoderma applanatum has potential as a source of useful analgesic and anti-inflammatory principles.
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    Advances in Natural Polymers as Pharmaceutical Excipients
    (2012-01-18) Ikoni J Ogaji; Elijah I Nep; Jennifer D Audu-Peter
    Research in natural polymeric materials has witnessed growing interest and attention. This is attributable to a number of factors which include their relative abundance, low cost, and biodegrable and eco-firendly profiles. This article reviews the current applications of natural polymeric materials in pharmaceutical formulations. The pharmaceutical applications of some of the traditional and commercially available natural polymers were discussed. Emerging potential pharmaceutical excipients of natural origins were also discussed. The increasing research interests in this group of materials are indications of their increasing importance. It is believed that as technology and testing techniques advance, more understanding of their physicochemical nature would be gained that can enable them to be tailored for wider Pharmaceutical applications than their synthetic counterparts.
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    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EFFECTS OF CHRONIC AND SUB-CHRONIC ADMINISTRATIONS OF METHANOLIC SEED EXTRACT OF GARCINIA KOLA (HECKEL) ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN MALE RODENTS: RELEVANCE ON TRADITIONAL CLAIM OF ITS APHRODISIAC PROPERTIES
    (International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2016) Bukata B. Bukar; Mary O. Uguru; Ayo Omolola; Noel N. Wannang
    The plant, Garcinia kola, is indigenous to most tropical rain forest of West Africa. Its consumers have for long traditionally claimed the seeds and other parts possess aphrodisiac properties. The animals were treated with the extract by oral administration in doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500-mg/kg-body weight in their respective groups for either 20 days or 60 days. Control group received normal saline 1 ml/100g of body weight accordingly for the same period. The results from this investigation showed that the methanolic seed extract produced a concentration-dependent decrease on blood pressure of an anesthetized male cat, similar with that of acetylcholine, and was blocked by atropine in a competitive manner. The extract cause significant increase on onset of sleep in male rats (P<0.05) and also decreases the duration of sleep (P<0.05). The hematological analysis showed that the extract has anti-thrombotic property through significant increase of bleeding and clotting time (P<0.05) and decrease of platelet counts (P<0.05). Both the duration of treatment with the extract and variation of the doses had significant influence on the outcome of the measured parameters. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. Following abundant and relevant literatures which indicate the correlation between the results of this study and aphrodisiac properties, it is suggested that the results can serve as scientific evidence that supports the traditional claim that Garcinia kola possesses aphrodisiac property that may justify its long-term consumption.
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    Knowledge, Attitude and the Use of Patient Package Inserts: Perspectives on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy
    (International STD Research & Reviews, 2017) B. N. Joseph1* , M. N. Nyam1 , B. M. Aya1 , U. O. Asiegbu1 , J. Bulus2 , D. M. Umar1 , S. I. Joseph3 , P. A. Damun1 , D. W. Dayom1 and M. L. P. Dapar
    Introduction: Patient package insert is an innovative tool capable of providing additional medication information in written form; it has the potential to promote adherence to antiretroviral medicines. Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge of respondents on antiretroviral medicines. It determined the proportion of clients who read the Patient Package Inserts (PPIs) for antiretroviral medicines. The study assessed the impact of using the Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional design involving simple random sampling was employed. The study recruited 404 participants from the HIV/AIDS centres of Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BHUTH) and Plateau State Specialist Hospital (PSSH), Jos, Nigeria. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were administered to participants. Data was analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results were presented in descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study revealed that 36.1% of the respondents read the patient package inserts. Reading the package inserts was statistically associated with educational status (p=0.000), marital status (p=0.022), occupation (p=0.000), gender (p=0.000) and religion (p=0.000). Adherence in the last one week significantly correlated with age (p=0.048) and marital status (p=0.002). One-third of the respondents had good perception about patient information leaflets. Using the leaflets had no statistically significant implication on adherence to antiretroviral medicines. Conclusion: The study found poor usability of the patient package inserts among HIV/AIDS clients; although, the adherence level among the clients was quite high.
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    Foreign Aid Initiatives and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Nigeria: Perspectives on Country Ownership and Humanistic Care
    (International STD Research & Reviews, 2017) B. N. Joseph1*, C. A. Abimiku2 , D. A. Dangiwa1 , D. M. Umar1 , K. I. Bulus3 and M. L. P. Dapar1
    With a prevalence rate of 3.1%, Nigeria has a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic. Like much other developing countries, Nigeria has to collaborate with development partners to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge. This review assesses the impact of foreign aid initiatives on the fight against HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It examines Nigeria’s capacity and willingness to independently own a sustainable provision of HIV/AIDS care in the country. This paper assesses the outcomes of the HIV/AIDS. Our review indicates that foreign aid initiatives were responsible for the rapid scale-up in HIV/AIDS services and improvement in morbidity and mortality rates. While foreign aids have contributed to the reversal of both prevalence and incidence rates of HIV, donor funded initiatives have overstretched the workforce and the health systems thus diverting healthcare emphases towards specific disease intervention programmes. Evaluation of outcomes measures has consistently excluded viral load assessment, antiretroviral resistant testing and the provision of salvage regimen. Nigeria’s budgetary allocation to the health sector is still very low, consequently, government willingness and commitment to the fight against HIV/AIDS is grossly inadequate. The HIV/AIDS programme is still donors dependent and often seen as “donor-agency things”. The global aid initiatives have recorded a milestone achievement in the fight against HIV infections in Nigeria. While much is needed from the donor agencies, Nigeria must ensure deliberate commitment towards an independent ownership of HIV/AIDS scheme in Nigeria.
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    Flavonoids Extracted from Fruit Pulp of Cucumis metuliferus Have Antiviral Properties
    (British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,, 2012) Amagon K. I.; Wannang N. N.; Iliya H. A.; Ior L. D.; Chris-Otubor G. O
    Aim: To investigate the antiviral property of flavonoids from Cucumis metuliferus fruit pulpin chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells and embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) induced with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Study Design: Extraction and administration of bioactive extract. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, University of Jos, Nigeria and Virology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria between June, 2011 and August, 2011. Methodology: The CEF cells were first exposed to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.563, 0.782, 0.391 and 0.195 mg/ml of the sterile flavonoids to test for cytotoxicity and the cells monitored visually daily using a light microscope for evidence of cytopathic effects at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Toxicity of flavonoids in embryonated eggs and antiviral assay for flavonoids using IBDV were then carried out. Hemagglutination test for antigenicity of the virus was also performed to confirm antiviral activity. Results: The flavonoids (100 to 0.195 mg/ml concentrations) were not cytopathic when exposed to CEF cells. After 24 and 48 hours, all the embryonated eggs died at 100 and 50 mg/ml of the flavonoids respectively, but mortalities were not recorded at other concentrations of the flavonoids. Concentrations of the flavonoids at 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml were found to be toxic against IBDV, but viral replication was not inhibited from flavonoids concentrations of 3.125, 1.563, 0.782, 0.391 and 0.195 mg/ml. Conclusion: This investigation revealed that flavonoids from Cucumis metuliferus fruit pulp were relatively safe in chickens and possess antiviral activity against IBDV.
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    Assessment of Knowledge and Competencies of Community Pharmacists for Differentiated HIV Care and Services in Jos, Nigeria
    (2019-08-27) DaparM. L. P; JosephB. N; Damun, P. A; Okunlola C. R.; Alphonsus P. N.; Aya B. M.
    Background: Knowledge and competence of community pharmacists in HIV care, are essential for translating the goals of differentiated care into improved outcomes. Aims: To assess the knowledge and competence of community pharmacists in Jos, for differentiated HIV care and services. Study Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Place and Duration of Study: Community pharmacies in Jos North and Jos South local government areas of Plateau state, North-Central Nigeria, between September to November, 2018. Methodology: We included community pharmacists who responded to six items on knowledge of HIV therapeutics with each correct answer recording a score of 1 and zero for wrong answers. Respondents with a correct score of 5 or 6 represent good knowledge. We examined competence