Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
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Item ASSESSMENT OF METHODS OF PREVENTION OF MALARIA AMONG UNDER- FIVE CAREGIVERS IN MILGOMA, A RURAL SETTING IN KADUNA STATE NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA(International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, 2016-02) AUDU ONYEMOCHO; JOSHUA ISTIFANUS ANEKOSON; OGBEYI GODWIN OFIKWU; ANEJO-OKOPI JOSEPH; ANEFU OKPOTU GABRIELNigeria government in her strategy to fight the scourge of malaria in the country adopted the Roll Back Malaria initiative in 1998. Since inception, the country has been working towards the vision of having a malaria free nation. Despite the interventions, Nigeria still carries the greatest malaria burden among countries in the world. This study assessed the methods of prevention of malaria amongst the under-five care givers in Milgrom, a rural setting in Kaduna state, north-central, Nigeria. Methods A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst 148 under-five care-givers between 6th and 20th April, 2014 using a two stage systematic random sampling technique. Structured interviewer administered questionnaire were used for data collection. Analysis of the data collected was done with statistical package for social sciences version 20.0. Results The knowledge of methods of transmission and the prevalence of the disease among the respondents was high (85.9% and 83.8% respectively). Amongst those who had experienced malaria 46.2% sought for treatment in hospitals within the first 24-48 hours while the rest sought for treatment in chemist (16.1%) or traditional medicine (13.7%) and 2.4% did not sought for any treatment. Ninety-nine (66.9%) uses insecticide treated nets while 60.8% use pyrimethamine and sulfodaxine in pregnancy. Conclusions For Nigeria to achieve the goal as a malaria free nation; there is need to intensify the provision of tailored malaria prevention information, education and communication to the care givers of under five children to maximize utilization of the mainstream intervention programmers provided by the government. KEYWORDS: Malaria, Prevention, Under-Fives, Care-Givers, Rural Setting, NigeriaItem A two year review of intestine parasites the Jos University Teaching Hospital patients(Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 1992) Bello CS S; Lar P.; Olotu, C U; Gomwalk N. E,An analysis of stools samples examined during a period of two years. from January 1988 3 December, 1989 In Jos University Teaching Hospital was carried out Of the 15634 people examined during this period 6698 were males while 8936 were females mono parasitism 'occurred in 4354 persons while polyparasitism occured in 240 persons Several parasites were identified in these casesItem Incidence and predictors of adverse drug events in an African cohort of HIV-infected adults treated with efavirenz(Original article, 2015-09) Isaac Okoh Abah; Maxwell Akanbi; , Mercy Enuwa Abah; Amos Istifanus Finangwai; Christy W Dady; Kakjing; Augustine Odoh Ebony; Dadul Falang; Ebony; Joseph Anejo Okop; Oche Ochai Agbaji9; Altiene Solomon Sagay; ProsperIntroduction Adverse drug reactions associated with efavirenz (EFV) therapy are poorly described beyond the first year of treatment. We aimed to describe the incidence and predictors of EFV-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in a cohort of adult Nigerian HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized clinical data of HIV-1 infected adults (aged ≥15 years), commenced on efavirenz containing-regimen between January 2004 and December 2011. The time-dependent occurrence of clinical adverse events as defined by the World Health Organization was analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 2920 patients with baseline median (IQR) age of 39 (33-46) years, largely made up of men (78%) were included in the study. During 8834 person-years of follow up, 358 adverse drug events were reported; the incidence rate was 40.3 ADRs per 1000 person-years of treatment. Lipodystrophy and neuropsychiatric disorders were the most common ADRs with incidences of 63 and 30 per 1000 patients respectively. About one-third of the neuropsychiatric adverse events were within 12 months of commencement of ART. The risk of neuropsychiatric ADRs was independently predicted for women [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 9.05; 95% CI: 5.18-15.82], those aged <40 years (aHR 2.59; 95% CI: 1.50-4.45), advanced HIV disease (WHO stage 3 or 4) [aHR 2.26; 95% CI: 1.37-3.72], and zidovudine [aHR 2.21; 95% CI: 1.27-3.83] or stavudine [aHR 4.22; 95% CI: 1.99-8.92] containing regimen compared to tenofovir. Conclusion Neuropsychiatric adverse drug events associated with efavirenz-based ART had both early and late onset in our clinical cohort of patients on chronic EFV therapy. Continuous neuropsychiatric assessment for improved detection and management of neuropsychiatric ADRs is recommended in resource-limited settings where the use of efavirenz-based regimens has been scaled up.Item Anthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and syndromology. Interpupillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centres of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibios are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpupillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.(E3 Journal of Scientific Research, 2015-06) Usman YM; Shugaba AIAnthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and sindonology. Interpapillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centers of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibio's are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpapillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.Item The interpupillary distance and the inner and outer intercanthal distances(E3 Journal of Scientific Research, 2015-06) Usman YM1; Shugaba AIAnthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and syndrome ology. Interpapillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centers of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibio's are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpapillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.Item Effect of long lasting insecticide treated net on incidence of Malaria among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria.(E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2015-05) Zuwaira I. Hassan; Tolulope O; Afolaranmi; Afolaranmi; Tinuade Oyebode; Daniel A; Daniel A; Ayuba I; ZoakahMalaria and HIV are among the two most important global health problems of our time; together, they cause more than four million deaths per year. HIV and malaria prey on vulnerable individuals and make their situation even more perilous by attacking the most productive and active members of the society. Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITNs) represent a practical and effective means of preventing malaria in Africa. This study aimed to determine the effect of LLITNs on the incidence of malaria among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV).A quasi experimental study conducted among 84 PLHIV. EPI info statistical software version 3.5.4 was used for data analysis and 95% confidence interval was used with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. The mean age of the respondents in this study was 33.9 + 11.5 years. There was significant improvement in the consistency of use of LLITNs 6 months post intervention (P = 0.029). Marked reduction in the incidence of malaria among the respondents 3 and 6 months post intervention (P < 0.001) was also obtained. This study has demonstrated significant reduction in the incidence of malaria among PLHIV significantly following provision of LLITNs supported with appropriate health education.Item Health education as a tool for improving the knowledge of Malaria and long lasting insecticide treated nets among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bassa local government area of Plateau state, North Central Nigeria(E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2015-02) Tolulope O Afolaranm; Zuwaira I Hassan; Danjuma A Bello; Yetunde O TagurumMalaria is a mosquito borne disease transmitted by female anopheles mosquito; it is life-threatening, preventable and treatable. Approximately 40 percent of the world’s population is at risk of malaria. Malaria and HIV/AIDS are two of the most common infections in sub Sahara Africa, an increased prevalence of malaria and increased parasite density in HIV- infected individuals could lead to increased malaria transmission affecting both HIV- positive and – negative individuals. To assess the knowledge of malaria and Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITNs) among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). A quasi experimental study conducted among PLHIV in Plateau State, Nigeria. EPI info statistical software version 3.5.4 was used for data analysis and 95% confidence interval was used in this study with a P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. The mean age of the respondents was 33.9 + 11.5 years. The level of knowledge on malaria improved significantly after the training (P<0.001). Majority (98.8%) of the respondents had good knowledge of LLITNs after the intervention (P < 0.001).This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of health education as veritable tool for improving the knowledge of malaria and LLITNsItem Comparison between mid-arm circumference and height of school children 3-5 years in Jos University Primary School(E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2015-02) Usman YM; Mosugu OO; Machief MA; Uzokwe CB; Rabiu AM; Shugaba AIThe use of anthropometric data for assessing nutritional status has been internationally accepted as a standard practice. Mid arm circumference and height are examples of such parameters used. The aim of this study is to compare and possibly establish a relationship between mid-arm circumference and height of children (3 to 5 years old) and evaluate them as a simple and reliable alternative for determining the nutritional status of children. Mid arm circumference and height of 195 randomly selected pupils consisting of 97 males and 98 females were measured and statistically compared with their means and standard deviations. There was a slight difference in the means of male and female subjects, though not statistically significant. The difference in mean heights of males and females compared across age groups showed marked significance. With a correlation coefficient of r=0.001 (P>0.01), there exists a positive correlation between the mid arm circumference and height of children 3 to 5 years. This can be used to determine the rate of growth as well as the nutritional status of children.Item Knowledge of quality of housing and practice among residents of an urban community in north-central Nigeria(E3 Journal of Environmental Research and Managemen, 2015-01) Tagurum YO; Miner CA; Otti NH; Bode OT; Attawodi OS; Ogbonna C; Zoakah AIThe study was aimed at evaluating the knowledge of and quality of housing among residents of Tudun-Wada, an urban high density area in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, household heads or their representatives were interviewed using interviewer administered questionnaires. Knowledge of housing standards, practice and effects of housing quality on health was assessed. Data collected was analyzed using EPI Info version 3.5.1 software. A total of 80 household heads were studied and more than half of them (45) 56.2% were males and most were within the 20-29 year age group. Knowledge of housing was fair as 61.3% and 62.3% of them knew a good house should provide accommodation and be able to withstand the elements respectively. Source of water among the respondents was mainly from shallow wells (43.8%) while only a third (37.5%) boiled their water before drinking. Pit latrine was used by half (50%) of the respondents for sewage disposal and 5% used buckets. Half of the houses employed burning as their main refuse disposal method. Flies were noted to be a problem in about 42.5% of the houses studied. More than half (55%) of the houses had holes and cracks on the walls while 80% of the household heads admitted to having a problem of rodent infestation in their buildings. Even though knowledge of housing quality was fair among the respondents, sanitary waste disposal practice and housing maintenance was poor. Government agencies responsible for the enforcement of town planning policies should be urged to improve their activities in order to improve the standard and quality of housing in the metropolis.Item Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Dogonahawa and Zawan, North-Central Nigeria, Four-Years after Communal Violence: Prevalence and Risk Factors Prevalence of and risk factors for PTSD(JMSCR, 2017-02) Maigari Yusufu Taru; Moses David Audu; Davou Francis John; Tungchama Friday Philip; Suwa Goden. GoarSurvivors of mass violence are at high risk of developing psychological disorders. However, little is known about the impact of trauma in post conflict low income countries. This study assessed the prevalence of and socio-demographic risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among conflict survivors in North-Central Nigeria in comparison to a control group drawn from a population that was not exposed to armed-conflict. This is a cross-sectional study that employed a multi stage sampling technique to select respondents in both groups. The Mini international neuropsychiatric interview was used to assess for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and their socio-demographic variables obtained with socio-demographic questionnaire. The results showed that 55.5% and 9.8% of the respondents in the conflict exposed group and the control were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. Respondents exposed to mass violence were significantly more likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder compared to the control group (p< 0.001). Being a female was the consistent risk factor for the disorder in both groups, while being never married and having individual monthly income below N20,000.00 were also predictive of posttraumatic stress disorder in the group exposed to conflict. In conclusion, posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence was higher among the group exposure to armed conflict. Thus, an effective model for immediate and long-term mental health support for trauma victims needs to be developed in order to reduce the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder among conflict survivors.
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