Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
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Item Perceived Social Support and Its Association with Depression Among Patients Infected with HIV: A Hospital Based Study in Jos, Nigeria(International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 2019) Halima Mwuese Sule1, *, Mark Davou Gyang1, Michael Terkura Agbir2, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda3The chronicity of HIV infection predisposes the infected to mental health problems such as depression that demand a need for social support. The perception of social support is key to its beneficial effects. This study aimed to assess the level of perceived social support and its association with depression among patients infected with HIV in a hospital in Jos, Nigeria. In a cross-sectional study, 386 participants selected by systematic random sampling were interviewed to obtain their sociodemographic information, and they were assessed for perceived social support and depression using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the PHQ-9 Questionnaire respectively. Data was analysed using Epi info version 7. Half the proportion of participants (50.5%) had a moderate level of perceived social support, while 39.9% and 9.6% had low and high levels of perceived social support respectively. Female gender, age ≥ 45 years, absence of a history of being affiliated with a HIV support group, low educational status, low income, unemployment and shorter duration of known HIV diagnosis were negatively associated with lower levels of perceived social support. The prevalence of depression was 32.6%, and lower levels of perceived social support were significantly associated with depression. The results suggest gaps in the social support needs of the participants. This highlights a need for interventions aimed at improving the perception of social support among people living with HIV. Further studies are needed to identify those unmet needs so as to device strategies to address them in order to close the gaps in perception and enhance mental health in HIV care.Item Phytochemical Screening And Analgesic Studies Of The Root Bark Of Hymenocardia Acida, Tul (Euphorbiaceae)(International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 2011) Olotu N. Paul*1, Ibrahim Hajara2, Ilyas Naija 2, Ajima Ukpe3 & Olotu A. Ijeoma4The research work covers the phytochemical screening and Analgesic studies of the root bark of Hymenocardia acida, Tul, (Euphorbiaceae) which is claimed by the Hausa in the Northern Nigeria to be used traditionally for the treatment of headache, chest-pain, rheumatic pain, toothache, ear pain, migraine and sickle cell crisis. The various phytochemical tests revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The result of analgesic activity of the extracts showed a significant and dose dependent analgesic activity when compared to the untreated control group at P<0.05. This justifies the use of the plant in ethnomedicine for the treatment of headache, chest pain, rheumatic pain, toothache, ear pain, migraine and sickle cell crisis.Item Evaluation of the Effect of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera) on Some Biochemical Parameters in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats(Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017) Mohammed A1, Luka CD2, Gyang SD2, Ngwen AL3Diabetes mellitus is among the major global public health problems and its prevalence is currently increasing at an alarming rate. According to the International Diabetes Federation, about 366 million people are living with diabetes and this figure is projected to increase to 552 million by the year 2030. The study investigated the effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of coconut oil on blood glucose, total protein, kidney function indices, liver function indices, and lipid profile levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extract was administered orally at a dose of 400mg/kg body weight to both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Twenty adult male rats were divided into four groups of five rats each, two groups were made diabetic and the other two groups were non diabetic. One of the diabetic groups was treated with the extract and the other serves as control. The alloxan was administered intraperitoneal at a total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein concentrations were analyzed. The toxic effect of the extract was determined using biochemical enzyme markers. Treatment with the extract showed significantly (p<0.05) reduction in elevated blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, and proteins and other biochemical parameters associated with alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract possesses no toxic effect as indicated by the lowering of ALP and ALT levels and may be used for the management of diabetes mellitus.Item Effectof the Oral pf Some Soft Drinks on the Fasting Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile of Albino Rats(International Journal of Sciences, 2014-06) Goje, L. J.; Joshua, H.; Shuaibu, I.; Ghamba, P. E.; Mafulul, S. G.The study was carried out to discover the effects of the oral intake of some soft drinks (Fanta, Sprite, Fayrouz, Coca-cola and Schweppes) on blood glucose level and lipid profile of albino rats. The rats were grouped into 6 each containing 4 rats, and were allowed to fast for 12hrs, their fasting blood glucose was taken to know their pre treatment fasting blood glucose level. Group 1 was administered with normal saline, group 2 was given Fanta, group 3 was given Sprite, group 4 was given Schweppes, group 5 was given Fayrouz and group 6 was given Coca-cola. All the groups were administered with 3ml of the soft drink per 100g body weight twice a day respectively throughout the period of the research. The research lasted for 14 days. On the last day the rats were allowed to fast again for a period of 12hrs after which the fasting blood glucose level was determined; finally, the rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation and the serum collected for the determination of lipid profile. There was statistical difference (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose between the pre-treatment and post-treatment values. Group 2 (Fanta fed rats) and Group 6(Coca-cola fed rats) showed high level of glucose (p<0.05) compared to normal control, while the groups administered with Sprite, Schweppes and Fayrouz respectively showed no statistical difference in fasting blood glucose level when compared to the normal control. In the analysis of lipid profile, the group administered with Fanta exhibited high level of total cholesterol, low level of triglyceride and low density lipoprotein and normal level of high density lipoprotein. The group given Coca-cola showed low level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and normal level of low density lipoprotein, while the group given Schweppes showed high level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein. The group given Fayrouz showed high level of Cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and low level of Triglyceride and high density lipoprotein. Lastly, the group given Sprite showed no statistical difference in all these parameters when compared to the control group. Therefore, it was concluded that among the various soft drinks used in the present study, it was only Sprite soft drink that appeared not to be implicated as a predisposing factor to any of the diseases considered.Item Physicochemical Characteristics of Artemisia annua, an Antimalarial Plant from the Grass- field Regions of Cameroon(International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 2016) Rosine D. Nkuitchou-Chougouo K; Dalia F. Fomekong; Jonas Kouamouo; Gilbert Hansen; Pierre Lutgen; Marc Flies; Marc Fisher; Simon Swen; Lysette Kouemeni; Denis Wouessidjewe; Titilayo O. Johnson; Jonathan D. Dabak; John Aguiyi; Jean M. Tekam; Lazare Kaptue; Pierre TaneThe aim of this study was to characterize the physical and chemical properties of Artemisia annua, an anti-malarial plant grown in the Grass-field Regions of Cameroon. Samples have been collected from seven localities with same climatic conditions. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts from the samples showed the presence of artemisinin, scopoletin and 13 volatile compounds including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, α-terpinene, limonene, eucalyptol, artemisia ketone, copaene, camphor, caryophylene, menthol and α-terpineol. When compared with A. annua grow in other countries, the Grass-field Regions of Cameroon produce seen more concentrated in artemisinin (11.1 mg/kg) than those from temperate regions [Luxemburg (0.4 mg/kg), Germany (0.8 mg/kg) and Belgium (1.1 mg/kg)] and similar to those from tropical countries [Brazil (11.5 mg/kg) and Democratic Republic of Congo (10.3 mg/kg)]. This result also showed that A. annua from the Grass-field Regions of Cameroon is highly concentrated in scopoletin, artemisinin and several other volatile compounds. The local production of this plant in Cameroon will be a source of medicinal significance for malaria zones and developing countries to fight against this disease.Item ASSESSMENT OF METHODS OF PREVENTION OF MALARIA AMONG UNDER- FIVE CAREGIVERS IN MILGOMA, A RURAL SETTING IN KADUNA STATE NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA(International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, 2016-02) AUDU ONYEMOCHO; JOSHUA ISTIFANUS ANEKOSON; OGBEYI GODWIN OFIKWU; ANEJO-OKOPI JOSEPH; ANEFU OKPOTU GABRIELNigeria government in her strategy to fight the scourge of malaria in the country adopted the Roll Back Malaria initiative in 1998. Since inception, the country has been working towards the vision of having a malaria free nation. Despite the interventions, Nigeria still carries the greatest malaria burden among countries in the world. This study assessed the methods of prevention of malaria amongst the under-five care givers in Milgrom, a rural setting in Kaduna state, north-central, Nigeria. Methods A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst 148 under-five care-givers between 6th and 20th April, 2014 using a two stage systematic random sampling technique. Structured interviewer administered questionnaire were used for data collection. Analysis of the data collected was done with statistical package for social sciences version 20.0. Results The knowledge of methods of transmission and the prevalence of the disease among the respondents was high (85.9% and 83.8% respectively). Amongst those who had experienced malaria 46.2% sought for treatment in hospitals within the first 24-48 hours while the rest sought for treatment in chemist (16.1%) or traditional medicine (13.7%) and 2.4% did not sought for any treatment. Ninety-nine (66.9%) uses insecticide treated nets while 60.8% use pyrimethamine and sulfodaxine in pregnancy. Conclusions For Nigeria to achieve the goal as a malaria free nation; there is need to intensify the provision of tailored malaria prevention information, education and communication to the care givers of under five children to maximize utilization of the mainstream intervention programmers provided by the government. KEYWORDS: Malaria, Prevention, Under-Fives, Care-Givers, Rural Setting, NigeriaItem A two year review of intestine parasites the Jos University Teaching Hospital patients(Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 1992) Bello CS S; Lar P.; Olotu, C U; Gomwalk N. E,An analysis of stools samples examined during a period of two years. from January 1988 3 December, 1989 In Jos University Teaching Hospital was carried out Of the 15634 people examined during this period 6698 were males while 8936 were females mono parasitism 'occurred in 4354 persons while polyparasitism occured in 240 persons Several parasites were identified in these casesItem Incidence and predictors of adverse drug events in an African cohort of HIV-infected adults treated with efavirenz(Original article, 2015-09) Isaac Okoh Abah; Maxwell Akanbi; , Mercy Enuwa Abah; Amos Istifanus Finangwai; Christy W Dady; Kakjing; Augustine Odoh Ebony; Dadul Falang; Ebony; Joseph Anejo Okop; Oche Ochai Agbaji9; Altiene Solomon Sagay; ProsperIntroduction Adverse drug reactions associated with efavirenz (EFV) therapy are poorly described beyond the first year of treatment. We aimed to describe the incidence and predictors of EFV-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in a cohort of adult Nigerian HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized clinical data of HIV-1 infected adults (aged ≥15 years), commenced on efavirenz containing-regimen between January 2004 and December 2011. The time-dependent occurrence of clinical adverse events as defined by the World Health Organization was analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 2920 patients with baseline median (IQR) age of 39 (33-46) years, largely made up of men (78%) were included in the study. During 8834 person-years of follow up, 358 adverse drug events were reported; the incidence rate was 40.3 ADRs per 1000 person-years of treatment. Lipodystrophy and neuropsychiatric disorders were the most common ADRs with incidences of 63 and 30 per 1000 patients respectively. About one-third of the neuropsychiatric adverse events were within 12 months of commencement of ART. The risk of neuropsychiatric ADRs was independently predicted for women [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 9.05; 95% CI: 5.18-15.82], those aged <40 years (aHR 2.59; 95% CI: 1.50-4.45), advanced HIV disease (WHO stage 3 or 4) [aHR 2.26; 95% CI: 1.37-3.72], and zidovudine [aHR 2.21; 95% CI: 1.27-3.83] or stavudine [aHR 4.22; 95% CI: 1.99-8.92] containing regimen compared to tenofovir. Conclusion Neuropsychiatric adverse drug events associated with efavirenz-based ART had both early and late onset in our clinical cohort of patients on chronic EFV therapy. Continuous neuropsychiatric assessment for improved detection and management of neuropsychiatric ADRs is recommended in resource-limited settings where the use of efavirenz-based regimens has been scaled up.Item Anthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and syndromology. Interpupillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centres of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibios are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpupillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.(E3 Journal of Scientific Research, 2015-06) Usman YM; Shugaba AIAnthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and sindonology. Interpapillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centers of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibio's are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpapillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.Item The interpupillary distance and the inner and outer intercanthal distances(E3 Journal of Scientific Research, 2015-06) Usman YM1; Shugaba AIAnthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and syndrome ology. Interpapillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centers of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibio's are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpapillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.
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