Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
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Item Effectof the Oral pf Some Soft Drinks on the Fasting Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile of Albino Rats(International Journal of Sciences, 2014-06) Goje, L. J.; Joshua, H.; Shuaibu, I.; Ghamba, P. E.; Mafulul, S. G.The study was carried out to discover the effects of the oral intake of some soft drinks (Fanta, Sprite, Fayrouz, Coca-cola and Schweppes) on blood glucose level and lipid profile of albino rats. The rats were grouped into 6 each containing 4 rats, and were allowed to fast for 12hrs, their fasting blood glucose was taken to know their pre treatment fasting blood glucose level. Group 1 was administered with normal saline, group 2 was given Fanta, group 3 was given Sprite, group 4 was given Schweppes, group 5 was given Fayrouz and group 6 was given Coca-cola. All the groups were administered with 3ml of the soft drink per 100g body weight twice a day respectively throughout the period of the research. The research lasted for 14 days. On the last day the rats were allowed to fast again for a period of 12hrs after which the fasting blood glucose level was determined; finally, the rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation and the serum collected for the determination of lipid profile. There was statistical difference (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose between the pre-treatment and post-treatment values. Group 2 (Fanta fed rats) and Group 6(Coca-cola fed rats) showed high level of glucose (p<0.05) compared to normal control, while the groups administered with Sprite, Schweppes and Fayrouz respectively showed no statistical difference in fasting blood glucose level when compared to the normal control. In the analysis of lipid profile, the group administered with Fanta exhibited high level of total cholesterol, low level of triglyceride and low density lipoprotein and normal level of high density lipoprotein. The group given Coca-cola showed low level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and normal level of low density lipoprotein, while the group given Schweppes showed high level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein. The group given Fayrouz showed high level of Cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and low level of Triglyceride and high density lipoprotein. Lastly, the group given Sprite showed no statistical difference in all these parameters when compared to the control group. Therefore, it was concluded that among the various soft drinks used in the present study, it was only Sprite soft drink that appeared not to be implicated as a predisposing factor to any of the diseases considered.Item Physicochemical Characteristics of Artemisia annua, an Antimalarial Plant from the Grass- field Regions of Cameroon(International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 2016) Rosine D. Nkuitchou-Chougouo K; Dalia F. Fomekong; Jonas Kouamouo; Gilbert Hansen; Pierre Lutgen; Marc Flies; Marc Fisher; Simon Swen; Lysette Kouemeni; Denis Wouessidjewe; Titilayo O. Johnson; Jonathan D. Dabak; John Aguiyi; Jean M. Tekam; Lazare Kaptue; Pierre TaneThe aim of this study was to characterize the physical and chemical properties of Artemisia annua, an anti-malarial plant grown in the Grass-field Regions of Cameroon. Samples have been collected from seven localities with same climatic conditions. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts from the samples showed the presence of artemisinin, scopoletin and 13 volatile compounds including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, α-terpinene, limonene, eucalyptol, artemisia ketone, copaene, camphor, caryophylene, menthol and α-terpineol. When compared with A. annua grow in other countries, the Grass-field Regions of Cameroon produce seen more concentrated in artemisinin (11.1 mg/kg) than those from temperate regions [Luxemburg (0.4 mg/kg), Germany (0.8 mg/kg) and Belgium (1.1 mg/kg)] and similar to those from tropical countries [Brazil (11.5 mg/kg) and Democratic Republic of Congo (10.3 mg/kg)]. This result also showed that A. annua from the Grass-field Regions of Cameroon is highly concentrated in scopoletin, artemisinin and several other volatile compounds. The local production of this plant in Cameroon will be a source of medicinal significance for malaria zones and developing countries to fight against this disease.Item ASSESSMENT OF METHODS OF PREVENTION OF MALARIA AMONG UNDER- FIVE CAREGIVERS IN MILGOMA, A RURAL SETTING IN KADUNA STATE NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA(International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, 2016-02) AUDU ONYEMOCHO; JOSHUA ISTIFANUS ANEKOSON; OGBEYI GODWIN OFIKWU; ANEJO-OKOPI JOSEPH; ANEFU OKPOTU GABRIELNigeria government in her strategy to fight the scourge of malaria in the country adopted the Roll Back Malaria initiative in 1998. Since inception, the country has been working towards the vision of having a malaria free nation. Despite the interventions, Nigeria still carries the greatest malaria burden among countries in the world. This study assessed the methods of prevention of malaria amongst the under-five care givers in Milgrom, a rural setting in Kaduna state, north-central, Nigeria. Methods A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst 148 under-five care-givers between 6th and 20th April, 2014 using a two stage systematic random sampling technique. Structured interviewer administered questionnaire were used for data collection. Analysis of the data collected was done with statistical package for social sciences version 20.0. Results The knowledge of methods of transmission and the prevalence of the disease among the respondents was high (85.9% and 83.8% respectively). Amongst those who had experienced malaria 46.2% sought for treatment in hospitals within the first 24-48 hours while the rest sought for treatment in chemist (16.1%) or traditional medicine (13.7%) and 2.4% did not sought for any treatment. Ninety-nine (66.9%) uses insecticide treated nets while 60.8% use pyrimethamine and sulfodaxine in pregnancy. Conclusions For Nigeria to achieve the goal as a malaria free nation; there is need to intensify the provision of tailored malaria prevention information, education and communication to the care givers of under five children to maximize utilization of the mainstream intervention programmers provided by the government. KEYWORDS: Malaria, Prevention, Under-Fives, Care-Givers, Rural Setting, NigeriaItem Incidence and predictors of adverse drug events in an African cohort of HIV-infected adults treated with efavirenz(Original article, 2015-09) Isaac Okoh Abah; Maxwell Akanbi; , Mercy Enuwa Abah; Amos Istifanus Finangwai; Christy W Dady; Kakjing; Augustine Odoh Ebony; Dadul Falang; Ebony; Joseph Anejo Okop; Oche Ochai Agbaji9; Altiene Solomon Sagay; ProsperIntroduction Adverse drug reactions associated with efavirenz (EFV) therapy are poorly described beyond the first year of treatment. We aimed to describe the incidence and predictors of EFV-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in a cohort of adult Nigerian HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized clinical data of HIV-1 infected adults (aged ≥15 years), commenced on efavirenz containing-regimen between January 2004 and December 2011. The time-dependent occurrence of clinical adverse events as defined by the World Health Organization was analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 2920 patients with baseline median (IQR) age of 39 (33-46) years, largely made up of men (78%) were included in the study. During 8834 person-years of follow up, 358 adverse drug events were reported; the incidence rate was 40.3 ADRs per 1000 person-years of treatment. Lipodystrophy and neuropsychiatric disorders were the most common ADRs with incidences of 63 and 30 per 1000 patients respectively. About one-third of the neuropsychiatric adverse events were within 12 months of commencement of ART. The risk of neuropsychiatric ADRs was independently predicted for women [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 9.05; 95% CI: 5.18-15.82], those aged <40 years (aHR 2.59; 95% CI: 1.50-4.45), advanced HIV disease (WHO stage 3 or 4) [aHR 2.26; 95% CI: 1.37-3.72], and zidovudine [aHR 2.21; 95% CI: 1.27-3.83] or stavudine [aHR 4.22; 95% CI: 1.99-8.92] containing regimen compared to tenofovir. Conclusion Neuropsychiatric adverse drug events associated with efavirenz-based ART had both early and late onset in our clinical cohort of patients on chronic EFV therapy. Continuous neuropsychiatric assessment for improved detection and management of neuropsychiatric ADRs is recommended in resource-limited settings where the use of efavirenz-based regimens has been scaled up.Item Anthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and syndromology. Interpupillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centres of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibios are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpupillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.(E3 Journal of Scientific Research, 2015-06) Usman YM; Shugaba AIAnthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and sindonology. Interpapillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centers of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibio's are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpapillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.Item The interpupillary distance and the inner and outer intercanthal distances(E3 Journal of Scientific Research, 2015-06) Usman YM1; Shugaba AIAnthropometric studies are integral part of craniofacial surgery and syndrome ology. Interpapillary distance has been defined as the distance between the centers of the pupil. Intercanthal distance is defined as the distance between the medial and /or lateral canthi of the palpebral fissures bilaterally. Inner canthal dimensions in young adult Ijaw males and females were 42±5 mm and 39 ±3 mm respectively and outer canthal dimensions were 111 ± 14 mm for males, and 120 ± 7 mm for females respectively. Canthal indices in the Ibibio's are clearly different from other populations. The study among the Igbos revealed that ageing affects the rate of growth of the intercanthal distances. For the healthy urban Turkish subjects, there was significant increase in near and distant IPD measurements with age until 19 years in male subjects. In the Sudanese population, ICD was found to be greater in males than in females. No statistically significant difference exists in the inner canthal and interpapillary distances between both Egyptian boys and girls for the same mean age. In Saudi Arabian adults, mean ICD was 31.92mm. It has been demonstrated that genetics, environmental factors, gender and age results in variations of the considered parameters.Item Effect of long lasting insecticide treated net on incidence of Malaria among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria.(E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2015-05) Zuwaira I. Hassan; Tolulope O; Afolaranmi; Afolaranmi; Tinuade Oyebode; Daniel A; Daniel A; Ayuba I; ZoakahMalaria and HIV are among the two most important global health problems of our time; together, they cause more than four million deaths per year. HIV and malaria prey on vulnerable individuals and make their situation even more perilous by attacking the most productive and active members of the society. Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITNs) represent a practical and effective means of preventing malaria in Africa. This study aimed to determine the effect of LLITNs on the incidence of malaria among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV).A quasi experimental study conducted among 84 PLHIV. EPI info statistical software version 3.5.4 was used for data analysis and 95% confidence interval was used with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. The mean age of the respondents in this study was 33.9 + 11.5 years. There was significant improvement in the consistency of use of LLITNs 6 months post intervention (P = 0.029). Marked reduction in the incidence of malaria among the respondents 3 and 6 months post intervention (P < 0.001) was also obtained. This study has demonstrated significant reduction in the incidence of malaria among PLHIV significantly following provision of LLITNs supported with appropriate health education.Item Health education as a tool for improving the knowledge of Malaria and long lasting insecticide treated nets among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bassa local government area of Plateau state, North Central Nigeria(E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2015-02) Tolulope O Afolaranm; Zuwaira I Hassan; Danjuma A Bello; Yetunde O TagurumMalaria is a mosquito borne disease transmitted by female anopheles mosquito; it is life-threatening, preventable and treatable. Approximately 40 percent of the world’s population is at risk of malaria. Malaria and HIV/AIDS are two of the most common infections in sub Sahara Africa, an increased prevalence of malaria and increased parasite density in HIV- infected individuals could lead to increased malaria transmission affecting both HIV- positive and – negative individuals. To assess the knowledge of malaria and Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITNs) among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). A quasi experimental study conducted among PLHIV in Plateau State, Nigeria. EPI info statistical software version 3.5.4 was used for data analysis and 95% confidence interval was used in this study with a P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. The mean age of the respondents was 33.9 + 11.5 years. The level of knowledge on malaria improved significantly after the training (P<0.001). Majority (98.8%) of the respondents had good knowledge of LLITNs after the intervention (P < 0.001).This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of health education as veritable tool for improving the knowledge of malaria and LLITNsItem Comparison between mid-arm circumference and height of school children 3-5 years in Jos University Primary School(E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2015-02) Usman YM; Mosugu OO; Machief MA; Uzokwe CB; Rabiu AM; Shugaba AIThe use of anthropometric data for assessing nutritional status has been internationally accepted as a standard practice. Mid arm circumference and height are examples of such parameters used. The aim of this study is to compare and possibly establish a relationship between mid-arm circumference and height of children (3 to 5 years old) and evaluate them as a simple and reliable alternative for determining the nutritional status of children. Mid arm circumference and height of 195 randomly selected pupils consisting of 97 males and 98 females were measured and statistically compared with their means and standard deviations. There was a slight difference in the means of male and female subjects, though not statistically significant. The difference in mean heights of males and females compared across age groups showed marked significance. With a correlation coefficient of r=0.001 (P>0.01), there exists a positive correlation between the mid arm circumference and height of children 3 to 5 years. This can be used to determine the rate of growth as well as the nutritional status of children.Item Knowledge of quality of housing and practice among residents of an urban community in north-central Nigeria(E3 Journal of Environmental Research and Managemen, 2015-01) Tagurum YO; Miner CA; Otti NH; Bode OT; Attawodi OS; Ogbonna C; Zoakah AIThe study was aimed at evaluating the knowledge of and quality of housing among residents of Tudun-Wada, an urban high density area in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, household heads or their representatives were interviewed using interviewer administered questionnaires. Knowledge of housing standards, practice and effects of housing quality on health was assessed. Data collected was analyzed using EPI Info version 3.5.1 software. A total of 80 household heads were studied and more than half of them (45) 56.2% were males and most were within the 20-29 year age group. Knowledge of housing was fair as 61.3% and 62.3% of them knew a good house should provide accommodation and be able to withstand the elements respectively. Source of water among the respondents was mainly from shallow wells (43.8%) while only a third (37.5%) boiled their water before drinking. Pit latrine was used by half (50%) of the respondents for sewage disposal and 5% used buckets. Half of the houses employed burning as their main refuse disposal method. Flies were noted to be a problem in about 42.5% of the houses studied. More than half (55%) of the houses had holes and cracks on the walls while 80% of the household heads admitted to having a problem of rodent infestation in their buildings. Even though knowledge of housing quality was fair among the respondents, sanitary waste disposal practice and housing maintenance was poor. Government agencies responsible for the enforcement of town planning policies should be urged to improve their activities in order to improve the standard and quality of housing in the metropolis.