Faculty of Natural Sciences

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COMMENTARIES ON HILBERT’S BASIS THEOREM
(_SCIENCE WORLD JOURNAL, 2008) APINE, E; JELTEN
The famous basis theorem of David Hilbert is an important theorem in commutative algebra. In particular the Hilbert’s basis theorem is the most important source of Noetherian rings which are by far the most important class of rings in commutative algebra. In this paper we have used Hilbert’s theorem to examine their unique properties which will help us to understand some of the characteristics of the Noetherian rings.
A Comparative Study on the Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthes in Dewormed and Non-Dewormed Students in a Rural Area of North Central Nigeria
(Labmedicine, 2010) James G. Damen; Patricia Lar; Paul Mershak; Emmanuel M. Mbaawuga; Bryan W. Nyary
Parasitic helminthes are endemic in Nigeria, owinrfto poor environmental sanitation, pollution, and contamination of water and air. Children in Nigeria are highly exposed and very vulnerable to these infections, and these infections have adverse effects on their physical and mental development. School children, then, are good targets for mass-treatment programs against intestinal worms; treating children has been shown to reduce transmission to untreated members in communities. This study determines the effectiveness of deworming school children with a view to improving the planning and implementation of control programs in the study area and reveals that regular use of broad-spectrum anti helminth medication is advocated for effective deworming programs.
Design, Construction, Test and Evaluation of a Stand alone 75 Watts Solar Electric Generator
(Medwell Journals, 2010) Alade M.O.; Ogherowo E.P.; Durodola O.M.
In this study, a stand alone 75 watt solar electric generator is designed and constructed to convert the solar radiation of appropriate wavelength from the sun into direct electric current based on photovoltaic principle. The system has proven to meet the necessary requirement under laboratory testing with only few shortcomings. The system can be employed to supply power to laboratory equipment such as signal generator, oscilloscope, network analyzer and spectrum analyzer (all in the power range of 75 watts) useful in field research of electronic communication research. The 75 watt solar electric generator designed and constructed is also useful in remote areas to produce electric power where there is no easy accessibility to utility electric power or other useful sources of electric power.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE OF HELMINTH PARASITES IN HIV SEROPOSITIVE AND HIV SERONEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA.
(NIGERIAN ANNALS OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 2011-05) ABELAU M.; GOSELLE O. N.; UDEH E.O.; D-POPOVA D. D.; POPOV T. V.
From June to November, 2006, stool samples were collected from 818 individuals that are both HIVseropositive and HIV-seronegative attending four hospitals in Plateau State, Nigeria and were examined for the presence of intestinal helminths. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in HIV-seropositive subjects as compared to the HIV-seronegative individuals. Of the 818 individuals enrolled in the study, 261 were HIV-seropositive while 557 were HIV-seronegative. The study revealed helminth parasites to be more prevalent among the HIV-seropositive(33.3%) than in the HIV-seronegative (21.9%). We found some intestinal helminths parasites which were quite different from those reported earlier by other researchers in other regions of the world. This variability could be multifactorial. Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal helminths should be a routine part of HIV care in parasite endemic developing countries and where this approach is logistically infeasible, mass deworming strategies may provide an appropriate alternative given the low cost and low toxicity of antihelminthics and the high prevalence rates of intestinal helminth infection expected.
A SURVEY OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN BAUCHI ROAD CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF JOS, NIGERIA.
(Scientia Africana, 2011-06) Ochekwu, E.B, Nwadiaro, P.O, Mark, N and Yabrade, M.
The survey of ornamental plant on the Bauchi road campus of the University of Jos was conducted. The research was carefully carried out on the field, and the various plants species were assessed thereafter, samples were collected and taken to international institute of tropical agriculture (IITA), herbarium for proper identification. Twenty three (23) ornamental plants, belonging to seventeen (17) families were identified in the course of this study. The family Liliaceae was most dominant and evenly distributed on the campus, while the family Piperaceae was list dominant. The ornamental plants identified are exotic species, while a few of the plants are native of Jos metropolis. Although, the basic reasons for the cultivation of ornamental plants on the campus is for beautification these species were observed to play other important roles such as spot of recreation and relaxation, as wind break and for research purpose.
Immune status of HIV/AIDS patients with hepatitis B virus in Benue State, Nigeria
(Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012) Yako AB; Lar P; Ishaleku D; Yako JB; Makpo JK; Auta KI; Moses OS; Nweze NO
The CD4 counts of HIV positive individuals with hepatitis B surface antigen was a factor used to determine the immune status among infected individuals in Benue State. Of 966 males infected with HIV, 15(1.55%) were positive for HBsAg+ with CD4 counts <335 cell/μl and in the female category, 10(0.95%) of 1042 were positive for HBsAg+ with the CD4+ counts <420 at the initial CD4 cells counts. According to age, individuals aged between 30 and 39 years were positive for HBsAg+ with their CD4 counts ≤335 cell/μl. The least in terms of HBsAg+ carriage (0.34%) were those 50 years and above whose CD4 read <224 cell/μl. After an interval of 6 months, the CD4 level declined to <100 cell/μl. However, there was a significant relationship in the degree of infection among sexes (Z=0.40<±1.96). HBsAg+ carriage rate was dependent on age (x²=7.82<0.05).
Radioactivity in Some Food Crops from High Background Radiation Area on the Jos –Plateau, Nigeria
(Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2012) D.I.Jwanbot1*, M.M. Izam2 and G.G. Nyam
The activity Concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 228Th were determined in the food crops on the Jos Plateau using γ-ray spectrometry. The activity concentration of the natural radionuclide in the food crops lied between 12.36 ± 0.82 and 56.92 ± 8.84Bq/Kg for 40K,(1.46 ± 0.05 to 10.42 ± 0.04) Bq/Kg for 226Ra and from (1.53 ± 0.08 to 6.85 ± 0.42) Bq/Kg for 228Th. These relativity high values for the activity concentrations maybe attributed to the series of tin mining activities that have taken place in these areas in the past decades. However, the values obtained suggest that the dose taken from intake of these radionuclides in the food crops is low and that harmful effects are not expected.
Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium among residents of Gwong and Kabong in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria
(Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci, 2012-07) A. DAWET; D.P. YAKUBU; R. LONGMUT; .B. BENJAMIN 1,; Y.H. DABURUM; N. NANNIM
Schistosomiasis is a disease of great pathological effects in human especially during teenage years. The disease is a major public health problem with deepen economic consequences particularly in endemic areas. This study was conducted to determine the level of Schistosoma haematobium infection among the residence of Gwong and Kabong areas of Plateau State, Nigeria. Consent was obtained from the traditional heads and the subjects in the study areas. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical committee of Our Lady of Apostle (OLA) hospital Jos and Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics Nabor. A total of two hundred and forty two urine samples were collected and prepared using the sedimentation method. Slides were examined for S. haematobium ova under the microscope. Of all the samples examined, five (2.07%) all from Gwong area were infected. Male had a higher prevalence (3.85%) and mean intensity (32 ± 7.23) of ova compared with female. Infection was observed only in age groups 10-14 and 35-39 years. The prevalence was highest among those that obtained water from rivers/stream than those who used well water, while there was no infection among those that obtained water from borehole. The study showed that there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between infection and the study area, sex, age and occupation. However, there was a significant (P< 0.05) relationship between the infection and their source of water. Though there was low to none prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium in Gwong and Kabong respectively, there is need to intensify integrated control measures to reduce or completely eradicate the disease. © 2012 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.
Analysis of Copper Cable Types Commonly used in Nigeria for Electrical Wiring and Power Distribution
(International Journal of Science and Technology, 2012-08) Ogherowo E. P.; Kwaha B. J.; Oyelade O. V.
The compositional constituents of five (5) copper cable types labeled E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5 were determined using two (2) different test methods namely- X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) and resistivity test with the main objective of ascertaining their purity, resistivity and conductivity features. These factors are expected to provide the clue as to why some cables of the same gauge manufactured by different companies fail under the same load conditions. Samples of the 5 cable brands of equal dimensions were grounded to fine powder and subjected to purity test by the XRFS method. Another set of similar samples were subjected to resistivity test. From the XRFS result, E1 had purity of 99.30%, E2, 99.10%, E3, 98.50%, E4, 99.20% and E5, 98.80%, while the resistivity tests revealed that the respective resistivity and conductivity values were: for E1 [2.324x10-9 Ω m and 430.29x106 (m)-1], E2 [3.921x10-9 Ω m and 255.04 x 106 (m)-1], E3 [2.689 x 10-9 Ω m and 371.89 x 106 (m)-1], E4 [2.614x10-9 Ω m and 382.56x106 (m)-1], and E5 [2.890x10-9 Ω m and 346.60 x 106 (m)-1]. Comparing these values to the standard resistivity value of pure copper [2.82 x 10-8  m], it would be seen that these results are in agreement with each other. The test methods used in this research could be used to test the purity of copper or any other metal suitable for domestic electrification before stretching into cables. It can also be used to determine the standard of copper products.
A Study of Species Diversity and Distribution of Soil Macroarthropod Fauna In Irrigated Vegetable Plots in Jos South Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria.
(International Journal of Applied Research and Technology. Esxon Publishers, 2012-08-30) Mwansat, G. S; Njila, H. L; Levi, R. Y
A study on the species diversity and distribution of soil macroarthropod fauna in irrigated vegetable plots in Jos was carried out. Five sampling sites were selected based on the mass cultivation of four staple food crops: cabbage, maize, potatoes and carrots. A total of 981 soil macroarthropod were collected. Out of which 539(54.94%) were collected by pitfall traps and 442 (45.60%) were collected by hand capture technique 953 (97.12%) were adults while 28(2.85%) were juveniles. 11 orders and 19 families were identified. Unidentified families were termed, “others”. The Hymenoptera (37.3%), Coleoptera (24.5%) and Diplopoda (8.8%) were the dominant macroarthropod group, but the least dominant groups are Hemiptera (1.0%) and Chilopoda (2.0%). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between macroarthropod collected by pitfall trap and those collected by hand capture technique. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between the juvenile and adult populations collected. Factors such as pH, soil temperature, fertilizer application, crop type, control methods influence the abundance and distribution of soil acroarthropod fauna. Data across sites showed that maize had highest abundance of 408 macroarthropod at 26.5OC while there was decline in cabbage with 183 at 27OC. However, a decrease to 187 at 26.7OC for carrot and increase to 203 macroarthropod at soil temperature of 27.8OC for potatoes was noted.
APPLICATION OF TWO STEP CONTINUOUS HYBRID BUTCHER’S METHOD IN BLOCK FORM FOR THE SOLUTION OF FIRST ORDER INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM
(Academic Research International, 2013) Y. S. Awari 1, A. A. Abada 2, P.M. Emma 3, N. M. Kamoh
The two steps Hybrid Butcher’s Method was reformulated for applications in the continuous form. The process produces some schemes which were combined in order to form an accurate and efficient block method for solution of ordinary differential equations (Ode’s). The suggested approach eliminates requirements for a starting value and its speed proved to be up when computations with the Block Discrete schemes were used. The order of accuracy and stability of the block method is discussed and its accuracy established numerically.
ENHANCING THE TEACHER PROFESSION: KEY TO REVAMPING THE EDUCATION SECTOR IN NIGERIA
(Academic Research International, 2013) N. M. Kamoh1 , L. S. Ughili2 , A. A. Abada
Education is a living concept that continues to grow and develop on daily basis. The paper looked at necessary steps needed to enhance the teaching profession. Questionnaire was administered to 1000 males and females respondents. The data was analyzed using standard deviation method, the results (tables I & II) indicated high standard deviations (σ) of 38.16 and 107.83 respectively, revealing that, the factors are independent of one another. A number of challenges were identified and discussed. The research concluded with a number of far-fetched recommendations. Improved remunerations; regular payment of salaries and improved fringe benefits, among others can greatly motivate and enhance the teaching profession.
Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Non-Human Primates in Jos Zoological Garden
(Dawet A, 2013) Dawet A; Yakubu DP; Butu HM
Abstract Non-human primates (NHP) serve as important reservoirs of parasites that cause diseases to man as close interactions between humans and NHP create pathways for the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The aim of this study was to carry out a survey of the intestinal parasites of NHP in Jos Zoological garden. Stool samples were collected from thirty one (31) NHP and examined using direct wet mount, floatation and sedimentation methods. Of this, helminths and protozoa were recorded. Trichuris trichiura recorded the highest (58.06%) prevalence of the helminths, followed by hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides which recorded prevalences of 38.71% and 19.35 % respectively. For the protozoan parasites recovered, Entamoeba coli was the most prevalent (93.55%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica/nuttali (74.19%), while Cyclospora spp recorded the least prevalence (12.90%). Among the NHP observed, baboons, chimpanzees and patas monkeys were infected at different levels with all the three helminths recorded while Mona and tantalus monkeys were only infected with T. trichiura and hookworm. The entire protozoans recorded were found in baboon and Tantalus monkeys while chimpanzees, mona and patas monkeys were infected with E. coli and E. histolytica/nuttali. Regular parasitological examination and treatment of NHP should be carried out to prevent zoonotic infection of zoo keepers and park visitors
PREVALENCE AND IMMUNE STATUS OF HIV/HBV COINFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN
(AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2013) Lar, 1P. M.,, Pam, 1V. K., Christopher, 1P. B., 2 Gwamzhi, L. & Mawak, 1 J. D.
HIV/HBV coinfection places patients at high risk of liverrelated morbidity and mortality and the interaction of the two viruses can further complicate treatment. Pregnant women are especially at high risk for increased morbidity and mortality due to infection, and information about HIV/HBV coinfection in pregnant women is scanty. This study examined the occurrence of HBV antibodies in HIV1 positive pregnant women and the relationship to Anteretroviral therapy (ART) and other demographic characteristics. Blood samples were collected from 135 HIV pregnant positive women who were either on ART or Not, from May – June, 2008 at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) and the Plateau State Specialist Hospital (PSSH). Presence of hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) antigen in serum was determined using Antec strips (Antec diagnostics UK) and their immunologic status were determined by measuring the CD4+ counts using SL_3 cyFlow counter (Partec, Germany) . Sixteen 16 (11.8%) of the women examined were seropositive for Hepatitis B virus. Occupation was significantly associated with the prevalence of the hepatitis coinfection in the population examined (8.8% of house wives and 5.5% of business women had coinfection, p<0.05). The immunologic status (CD4+ of most of the HIV/HBV coinfected pregnant women (81.5%) was low (below 300 cells/mm3) although all were on Anti retroviral therapy. The 11.8% prevalence rate reported in this study confirms the endemicity of HBV /HIV coinfection in Nigeria, and this supports the calls for screening for Hepatitis B as a routine in antenatal care.
Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Locally Processed Cow Milk Products Sold in Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
(Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2014) Makwin Danladi Makut; Mary Azumi Nyam; Tarfena Yoila Amapu; Abbul-Mutalib Ahmed
An investigation was conducted to determine the antibiogram of bacterial species isolated from locally processed cow milk products sold in Keffi metropolis, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Samples of the cow milk products, Raw milk, Nono, Kindrimo, and Manshanu, were each collected in triplicates from ten different sales locations in Keffi, and analyzed using standard bacteriological methods. Pour plate technique was employed for the isolation of bacteria from these cow milk products. The isolates were identified using cultural, morphological and biochemical methods, and thereafter the antibiotic susceptibility of each isolate was determined by modified Kirby Bauer diffusion method. Bacterial counts for Raw milk, Nono, Kindrimo and Manshanu were respectively in the range of 3.2×10^8 - 6.9×10^8, 8.1× 108 - 2.70×10^9, 7.3×10^8 – 9.8.×10^9 and 5.8×10^8 - 5.2×10^9. The bacterial species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Streptococcus spp. and E. coli with overall occurrence frequencies of 50%, 20%, 17.5% and 12.5%, respectively. E. coli was highly resistant to Septrin (80.2%), Sarfloxacin (75.3%) and Erythromycin (90.2%). Salmonella species was also highly resistant to Septrin (71.4%), Chloramphenicol (71.4%), Sparfloxacin (85.7%) and Erythromycin (71.4%). Similarly, Staphylococcus aureus was highly resistant to Septrin (75%), Chloramphenicol (75.4%), Sparfloxacin (87.5%), Amoxacillin (75.4%) and Augmentin (87.5%), while Streptococcus spp was highly resistant to Chloramphenicol (80.1%), Sparfloxacin (80.1%) and Augmentin (80%). These isolates may have developed resistance due to indiscriminate and frequent use of antibiotics which has now put the consumers of these milk products at risk of being infected with antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria.
HIGH ORDER A-STABLE BLOCK ETR2s AND THEIR APPLICATION TO SYSTEM OF FIRST ORDER ODES
(Leena and Luna International, Chikusei, Japan, 2014) Awari, Y.S.; Garba, E.J.D.; Kumleng, G.M
An eighth order block Extended Trapezoidal Rule of Second kind (ETR2s) is presented for the numerical integration of stiff system of first-order ordinary differential equations. In the derivation process, we adopt the power series approach which leads to a system of equations that would be solved simultaneously in block form to generate approximate solution for the differential equations. The stability properties of the method are also presented. Some test, reported to emphasize pros and cons of the method.
Antiplasmodial Efficacy of Stem Bark Extracts of Pseudocedrela kotschyi in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei
(British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014-01-12) Dawet, A.; Yakubu, D. P.
Aims: To evaluate the antiplasmodial efficacy of stem bark extracts of P. kotschyi against P. berghei berghei in mice. Study Design: Extraction and administration of plant extracts and evaluation of daily parasitaemia of infected mice. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy; Animal House. Department of Pharmacology and Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria, between June, 2008 and November, 2011. Methodology: Dry zone cedar (Pseudocedrela kotschyi) Family: Meliaceae, stem bark powder was successively extracted using ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous solvents. A total of one hundred and twenty mice for each extract (ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous) were divided into three groups of forty mice per each test (suppressive, curative and prophylactic). They were inoculated with drug sensitive NK 65 Plasmodium berghei berghei. In each test animals were divided into five groups, each consisted of eight animals and treated separately with one of the following: 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg extracts, chloroquine / pyrimethamine and normal saline. Blood films were prepared and examined, and the changes in percentage parasitaemia were evaluated. Results: The ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous crude extracts of P. kotschyi at 200 mg/kg significantly (P=.05) inhibited the parasitaemia by 39.43%, 26.99% and 28.36% respectively in the suppressive test. Ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts also showedsignificant (p=.05) cure rate of 29.17 % and 20.28 % respectively. However there was no significant (p>.05) reduction in parasitaemia load in the prophylactic tests. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that P. kotschyi stem bark indeed has antiplasmodial property
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from Zobo drinks sold in Keffi, Nigeria
(Malaysian Journal of Microbiology,, 2014-03-03) Danladi Makut Makwin; Ify Ogbonna Abigail; Joseph Okwori Ameh-Eley; Eleojo Abubakar Aisha
Aims: This study is aimed to determine the susceptibility pattern of some bacteria isolated from Zobo drink sold in Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Zobo drink is a locally produced indigenous non-alcoholic beverage that is prepared by boiling the flower calyx of Hibiscus sabdarifa. Methodology and results: Standard microbiological methods were employed to isolate bacteria from Zobo drink sold in Keffi metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Samples of Zobo drink were collected from ten (10) different locations and their total bacterial counts were determined using standard methods involving CFU count. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The bacterial counts of the Zobo in the ten different locations range from 3.0 x 108 to 8.6 x 108 CFU/mL. Four species of bacteria were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods. The isolates with their percentage occurrence frequencies were Enterobacter aerogenes (70%), Escherichia coli (60%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%) and Streptococcus spp. (20%) respectively.The antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that Escherichia coli had high resistance to Chloramphenicol (75%), followed by Septrin (68.7%) and Sparfloxacin (68.7%), while Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus had low resistance to all the antibiotics tested. E. coli had very high sensitivity to Pefloxacin (100%), Gentamicin (88%), Amoxicillin (88%), Augmentin (75%), Tarivid (68.7%) and Streptomycin (68.7%). Streptococus spp. are the most susceptible isolates which had 100% sensitivity to Septrin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, Gentamicin and Pefloxacinrespctively; and this was followed by Staphylococcus aureus which had 100% sensitivity to Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, Augmentin and Tarivid respectively. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The antibiotic resistance pattern exhibited by E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the Zobo sold in Keffi are indicative of possible abuse of the use of antibiotics, and this has serious health implications. The results further demonstrated that Zobo sold in Keffi within the period of this study had contaminant bacteria including potentially pathogenic species and this can lead to failures in antibiotic chemotherapy among consumers of Zobo.
The Increasing Cases of Lower Back Pain in Developed Nations: A Reciprocal Effect of Development
(Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2014-07) 1M.Y. Mafuyai 2B. G. Babangida 3E.S. Mador 4D.D. Bakwa 5Y.Y. Jabil
Lower back pain is a nonspecific health problem but a general complaint among people of all ages with severe effect and complain among the middle aged and the old. And, surprisingly, the complaint is more rampant in the developed nations than in the developing and underdeveloped nations of the world. The cause has generally been accepted by most researchers around the world to be mechanical than infectious. Our previous research indicated that some postures of the lumbar spine (lower back) are more susceptible to injury and can easily cause pain in the lumbar spine than others. This work has shown that this posture is common among the people in the developed nations due to he highly developed facets of life. The research therefore suggest that the rampant complaint is the result of this posture of the lumbar spine.
Human Age Estimation: Use of Doppler Ultrasound Blood Velocity Measurement in the Human Carotid Artery
(2015) Pam, S.D; Dakok, K.K; Sirisena; Gadong U.A.I; E.P; Taddy, E.N.; Chagok N.M.D
Abstract Assessment of a living person’s age has gained prominence due to its numerous applicability: suspected criminals with no reliable records of identification where verifying age is essential for determining legal and/or financial responsibility; adults from developing nations with no reliable certificates or documents and falsification of age in order to merit appointments or participate in sporting events are a few to mention. In this work, the Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) and End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) on the right and left Common Carotid Arteries were measured with the LOGIQ 5 EXPERT Ultrasound Machine using the technique of Doppler Ultrasound Velocity Measurement of blood flow in the carotid arteries of 50 volunteers (25 males and 25 females) whose blood pressures were taken. Use of The IBM SPSS shows that the Right Peak Systolic Velocity and Left End Diastolic Velocity were unrelated to the blood pressure for the hypertensive, pre-hypertensive and the non-hypertensive groups. However, results show that the Right End Diastolic Velocity (REDV) is positively correlated with age , while the Right Peak Systolic Velocity (RPSV) is negatively correlated with age both indicating that the age of an individual could be estimated.