Faculty of Natural Sciences

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Start date: 2008

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    Reformulated Adomian Decomposition Method for the Approximation of Special Linear and Nonlinear Two-Point Boundary Value Problems
    (SCIENCE FORUM (JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES), 2021-08-12) Joshua Sunday1; Joshua A. Kwanamu; Nathaniel M. Kamoh; Yusuf Skwame
    Boundary value problems (BVPs) of higher order have been found to be potentially applicable in hydro-magnetic stability, hydrodynamics, chemical reactions, heat power transmission theory, and the boundary layer theory in fluid mechanics. In this research, a method which decomposes the solution into the series which converges rapidly shall be derived. We shall call this method the reformulated Adomian decomposition method (RADM). This method is an improvement over Aadomian decomposition method (ADM). The RADM is derived in such a way that on imposing the boundary conditions on the approximant, a system of equations is obtained which in turn is solved for the undetermined constants. On substituting the resulting constants into the solution function, we obtain a series solution to the problem. The RADM is applied on some linear and nonlinear two-point BVPs and from the results obtained, the method is said to be computationally reliable.
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    Physicochemical and Bacteriological Evaluation of Sachet Water Sold in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria
    (International Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research, 2023) Ibrahim Mohammed; Muhammad Taoheed Bisiriyu; Rasaq Bolakale Salau; Asmau Omowumi Suleiman; Hamidu Abdullahi; Cyril Ogbiko; Gungshik John Rople; Rabiat Lawal Abdullah
    Physical assessment of the package labels (product name, manufacturing address, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration (NAFDAC) registration number, manufacturing and expiry date and batch number on the labeling) and quality evaluation of the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of the water samples collected was assess and analyzed in relation to level of compliance with package water recommended standards. Four (4) clusters were considered in which three samples were collected from vendors in each cluster making up a total of twelve (12) samples. Physical examinations revealed 100% compliance to standards in terms of the product name, manufacturing address and NAFDAC registration number but zero percent compliance for manufacturing and expiry dates but only about 17% of the samples had a batch number on the labeling. The physiochemical parameters show appreciable compliance to standards with an ambient temperature of 28 °C, pH range of 6.5 to 8.5 and conductivity values ranged between 104.67 - 225.67 μS/cm still lower compared to the maximum range of 1000 μS/cm by Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS). Samples turbidity results recorded zero value for SWA1, SWB2, SWC3, SWE5, SWG5, SWH6, SWI7, SWJ8 and SWK9 except for sample SWD10, SWF11, and SWL12 with a turbidity of 2.00, 2.00 and 3.00 NTU, respectively and were still within NIS/WHO limit of 5 NTU. Total dissolved solids (TDS) values ranged from 70.20 - 171.67 mg/L but still within the threshold limit of 500 mg/L recommended by NIS. The bacteriological parameters gave total bacterial count (TBC) ranged between 1 - 16.50 cfu/cm3 accounting for SWB2=2.00, SWC3=1.50, SWD4=2.00, SWE5=1.00, SWF6=5.50, SWG7=4.00, SWH8=5.00, SWI9=13.00, SWJ10=8.50, SWK11=16.50,and SWL12=16.00 cfu/cm3 above the WHO limit of zero cfu/cm3 except SWA with 0.00 cfu/cm3 in conformity with the standard limit while TCC ranged from 1-1.50 cfu/cm3 for SWC3=1.50, SWD4=1.00, SWE5=1.00, SWG7=1.00, SWH8=1.50 and SWK11=1.50 cfu/cm3 which is all above the WHO limit of 0.00 cfu/cm3except six samples (SWA1, SWB2, SWF6, SWI9, SWJ10 and SWL12) having 0.00 cfu/cm3 accounting for 50% samples compliance with the tolerance limit. The concentration of Pb, Zn, Fe, and Cr in the samples was below the WHO/SON tolerant level of 0.01 mg/L for Pb, 5 mg/L for Zn, 0.3 mg/L for Fe and 0.05 mg/L for Cr except for samples SWF6, SWG7, and SWJ10 with Pb concentration of 0.04, 0.032, and 0.050 mg/L respectively, above permissible limits of WHO/SON. The corrosion of pipes used in the water processing may account for the Pb concentration hence, regular assessment of the sachet water products should be ensured by the regulating agencies to promote both water and health safety.
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    On Cyclic Codes of Odd Lengths from the Stable Variety of Regular Cayley Graphs
    (Mathematics and Statistics, 2018) Chun P.B; Ibrahim A.A; Kamoh N.M
    The use of the adjacency matrix of a graph as a generator matrix for some classes of binary codes had been reported and studied. This paper concerns the utilization of the stable variety of Cayley regular graphs of odd order for efficient interconnection networks as studied, in the area of Codes Generation and Analysis. The Use of some succession scheme in the construction of a stable variety of the Cayley regular graph had been considered. We shall enumerate the adjacency matrices of the regular Cayley graphs so constructed which are of odd order as in [1]. Next, we would show that the Matrices are cyclic and can be used in the generation of cyclic codes of odd lengths.
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    Uranium Concentration in Groundwater and Assessment of Radiation Doses Within Naraguta Sheet 168, North Central Nigeria
    (Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2018) Abiye Olatunji Solomon; Paul Olusegun Ogunleye; Raymond Ishaya Daspan; Nestor Monday Chagok; Igah Sabastine Otebe
    Water samples collected from 60 wells located within Naraguta Sheet 168 in North Central Nigeria were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for uranium concentrations and other selected trace elements. This is aimed at assessing the radiation dose arising from intake of uranium through drinking water pathway for different age groups in the area. Results obtained show that uranium concentration in groundwater within the study area is generally within the acceptable reference level of 0.1mSv/y except in some places around Bukuru, Rayfield and Bishichi areas underlain mainly by the Jos-Bukuru Younger Granite Complex. The uranium values in groundwater within Naraguta Sheet 168 vary from 0.02-168.7 ppb, representing an activity concentration of 0.516-4.353 mBq/l. Radiation dose due to intake of uranium through drinking water pathway from the area is calculated to be 0.045-378.098 (μSv/y) among infants of 0-6 months, 0.051-432.112 (μSv/y) among infants of 7-12 months, 0.029-247.829 (μSv/y) among children between 1-3 years of age, and 0.026-216.056 (μSv/y) for children between 4-8 years. For 9-13 years old male children, it is 0.031-259.267 (μSv/y), while for the female children of the same age range, it is 0.031-259.267 (μSv/y). Male teenagers of between 14-18 years receives 0.042-351.250 (μSv/y) and female in the same age category receives 0.042-244.811 (μSv/y). Among the adult males older than 18 years, the radiation dose is 0.031-264.710 (μSv/y) and among females of 18 years and above, it is 0.023-193.021 (μSv/y). With effective dose due to uranium in water exceeding the reference level of 0.1mSv/y in some localities, it is therefore necessary to always carryout radiological investigations alongside analysis of major anions and cations present in the groundwater for safety reasons.
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    Immune status of HIV/AIDS patients with hepatitis B virus in Benue State, Nigeria
    (Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012) Yako AB; Lar P; Ishaleku D; Yako JB; Makpo JK; Auta KI; Moses OS; Nweze NO
    The CD4 counts of HIV positive individuals with hepatitis B surface antigen was a factor used to determine the immune status among infected individuals in Benue State. Of 966 males infected with HIV, 15(1.55%) were positive for HBsAg+ with CD4 counts <335 cell/μl and in the female category, 10(0.95%) of 1042 were positive for HBsAg+ with the CD4+ counts <420 at the initial CD4 cells counts. According to age, individuals aged between 30 and 39 years were positive for HBsAg+ with their CD4 counts ≤335 cell/μl. The least in terms of HBsAg+ carriage (0.34%) were those 50 years and above whose CD4 read <224 cell/μl. After an interval of 6 months, the CD4 level declined to <100 cell/μl. However, there was a significant relationship in the degree of infection among sexes (Z=0.40<±1.96). HBsAg+ carriage rate was dependent on age (x²=7.82<0.05).
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    Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium among residents of Gwong and Kabong in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria
    (Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci, 2012-07) A. DAWET; D.P. YAKUBU; R. LONGMUT; .B. BENJAMIN 1,; Y.H. DABURUM; N. NANNIM
    Schistosomiasis is a disease of great pathological effects in human especially during teenage years. The disease is a major public health problem with deepen economic consequences particularly in endemic areas. This study was conducted to determine the level of Schistosoma haematobium infection among the residence of Gwong and Kabong areas of Plateau State, Nigeria. Consent was obtained from the traditional heads and the subjects in the study areas. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical committee of Our Lady of Apostle (OLA) hospital Jos and Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics Nabor. A total of two hundred and forty two urine samples were collected and prepared using the sedimentation method. Slides were examined for S. haematobium ova under the microscope. Of all the samples examined, five (2.07%) all from Gwong area were infected. Male had a higher prevalence (3.85%) and mean intensity (32 ± 7.23) of ova compared with female. Infection was observed only in age groups 10-14 and 35-39 years. The prevalence was highest among those that obtained water from rivers/stream than those who used well water, while there was no infection among those that obtained water from borehole. The study showed that there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between infection and the study area, sex, age and occupation. However, there was a significant (P< 0.05) relationship between the infection and their source of water. Though there was low to none prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium in Gwong and Kabong respectively, there is need to intensify integrated control measures to reduce or completely eradicate the disease. © 2012 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.
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    Preliminary Assessment of the Trace Element Composition of Dust from Two Granite Quarries from Jos Plateau and Their Possible Health Implications.
    (Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2018) Daspan, R.I.; Obadiah, E.G.; Lekmang, I.C.; Dibal, H.U.; Chup,A.S.; Daku,S.; Wazoh,H.; Diyelmak,V.B.; Azi,B
    Quarrying of rocks has contributed to the development of many developed and developing nations. However, the entire process generates particulate pollution in the environment. The high level of particulates generated at the drilling and crushing areas depicts them as hazard zones. Moreover, quarry workers and communities living in proximity to these hazard zones are exposed to various health risks. In view of this fact, this research was carried out to determine the trace element concentration in the dust from Ric Rock and Satzen quarries, to establish their extent of contamination and deduce their possible human health implications. The results of As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mo were interpreted based on their Pollution index (anthropogenic factor), enrichment index and index of geo-accumulation. The interpretation revealed that the Rick Rock dust is practically unpolluted with As, Cr, Co Cu, and Ni with deficiency to minimal enrichment, unpolluted to moderately polluted and enriched with Zn. The dust is also extremely polluted and severely enriched by Mo. On the other hand, Satzen dust is practically unpolluted by As, Cd Cr, Co, Cu , Ni, Pb and Zn with deficiency to minimal enrichment. It is practically unpolluted to moderately polluted and enriched by Mo. With respect to the selected elements and their contamination status, Rick rock dust has been contaminated with Cd, Pb, Mo, and Zn and Satzen dust has been contaminated with Mo. The elemental enrichment in the dust samples collected from Rick Rock quarry is higher than those from Satzen quarry and can be attributed to oil spillage and emission from trucks and diesel powered generator which is the only source of power supply to the quarry and work throughout the period of quarry operations. This enriched the elemental concentration in the dust. Satzen quarry, on the other hand, uses electricity from Power Generation Company which eliminated such enrichment contribution in the dust. However the enrichment of Mo in the dust may be attributed to oil spillage and combustion of fossil fuel from heavy duty trucks used for the quarry operation. Geochemical analysis of quarry dust from Ric Rock and Satzen quarries showed that the concentration of trace elements in the dust exceeds the permissible limit set by WHO. Some of which are very harmful to human health even at very low concentration exposure. It is certain that long exposure of quarry workers and those living in close proximity via Inhalation, ingestion and percutaneous absorption can result to various health challenges. The release of these trace elements in high concentration by quarry companies enriching their concentration in the environment, polluting air, soil and both surface and ground water which variably affects human, animal and plants through the chain causes diseases and eventual death of man.
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    Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Non-Human Primates in Jos Zoological Garden
    (Dawet A, 2013) Dawet A; Yakubu DP; Butu HM
    Abstract Non-human primates (NHP) serve as important reservoirs of parasites that cause diseases to man as close interactions between humans and NHP create pathways for the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The aim of this study was to carry out a survey of the intestinal parasites of NHP in Jos Zoological garden. Stool samples were collected from thirty one (31) NHP and examined using direct wet mount, floatation and sedimentation methods. Of this, helminths and protozoa were recorded. Trichuris trichiura recorded the highest (58.06%) prevalence of the helminths, followed by hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides which recorded prevalences of 38.71% and 19.35 % respectively. For the protozoan parasites recovered, Entamoeba coli was the most prevalent (93.55%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica/nuttali (74.19%), while Cyclospora spp recorded the least prevalence (12.90%). Among the NHP observed, baboons, chimpanzees and patas monkeys were infected at different levels with all the three helminths recorded while Mona and tantalus monkeys were only infected with T. trichiura and hookworm. The entire protozoans recorded were found in baboon and Tantalus monkeys while chimpanzees, mona and patas monkeys were infected with E. coli and E. histolytica/nuttali. Regular parasitological examination and treatment of NHP should be carried out to prevent zoonotic infection of zoo keepers and park visitors
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    C++ Codes for the Implementation of Determining and Controllability Matrices, Cardinality and Controllability Rank Conditions for A Class of Double - Delay Control Systems
    (International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 2016-06) Ukwu Chukwunenye; Obiorah Mmachi
    As dictated by practical exigencies, this research article designed and developed extensive C++ codes for the implementation of determining matrices, controllability matrices, cardinality and controllability rank conditions, for a class of double - delay control systems, thereby averting the prohibitive manual computations associated with such mathematical objects. With these results, the interrogation of the controllability disposition of this class of functional differential control systems can be accomplished with astounding swiftness, in turn, providing the much desired implementation paradigm shift.
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    Antiplasmodial Efficacy of Stem Bark Extracts of Pseudocedrela kotschyi in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei
    (British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014-01-12) Dawet, A.; Yakubu, D. P.
    Aims: To evaluate the antiplasmodial efficacy of stem bark extracts of P. kotschyi against P. berghei berghei in mice. Study Design: Extraction and administration of plant extracts and evaluation of daily parasitaemia of infected mice. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy; Animal House. Department of Pharmacology and Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria, between June, 2008 and November, 2011. Methodology: Dry zone cedar (Pseudocedrela kotschyi) Family: Meliaceae, stem bark powder was successively extracted using ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous solvents. A total of one hundred and twenty mice for each extract (ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous) were divided into three groups of forty mice per each test (suppressive, curative and prophylactic). They were inoculated with drug sensitive NK 65 Plasmodium berghei berghei. In each test animals were divided into five groups, each consisted of eight animals and treated separately with one of the following: 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg extracts, chloroquine / pyrimethamine and normal saline. Blood films were prepared and examined, and the changes in percentage parasitaemia were evaluated. Results: The ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous crude extracts of P. kotschyi at 200 mg/kg significantly (P=.05) inhibited the parasitaemia by 39.43%, 26.99% and 28.36% respectively in the suppressive test. Ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts also showedsignificant (p=.05) cure rate of 29.17 % and 20.28 % respectively. However there was no significant (p>.05) reduction in parasitaemia load in the prophylactic tests. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that P. kotschyi stem bark indeed has antiplasmodial property