Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice

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EFFECT OF COTRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYLAXIS IN HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS ATTENDING JOS UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL
(IJPSR, 2011) K. D. Falang; N. S. Jimam; J. Idoko; M. O. Uguru
Many chemo prophylactic approaches to manage or prevent opportunistic infections using many drugs have been reported. Based on the reported cases of chemo prophylactic approaches to manage opportunistic infections, the effect of Cotrimoxazole on HIV patients was studied. Seventy two patients with CD4+ cell counts ≤ 350cells/µl were recruited for the study. Each patient received cotrimoxazole two single strength tablets (2 x 480mg) three times a week. The patients were followed for a period of six months during which time data was collected at month 1, month 3 and month 6. The results showed that dermatological, gastrointestinal and respiratory as well as other bacterial related infections were considerably reduced in these patients during the six month period of the study. Being a drug that is cheap, readily available and not requiring any special storage and handling conditions, cotrimoxazole could be considered as a good prophylactic agent in the management of HIV/AIDS disease in resource limited settings such as ours.
Flavonoids Extracted from Fruit Pulp of Cucumis metuliferus Have Antiviral Properties
(British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,, 2012) Amagon K. I.; Wannang N. N.; Iliya H. A.; Ior L. D.; Chris-Otubor G. O
Aim: To investigate the antiviral property of flavonoids from Cucumis metuliferus fruit pulpin chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells and embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) induced with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Study Design: Extraction and administration of bioactive extract. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, University of Jos, Nigeria and Virology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria between June, 2011 and August, 2011. Methodology: The CEF cells were first exposed to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.563, 0.782, 0.391 and 0.195 mg/ml of the sterile flavonoids to test for cytotoxicity and the cells monitored visually daily using a light microscope for evidence of cytopathic effects at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Toxicity of flavonoids in embryonated eggs and antiviral assay for flavonoids using IBDV were then carried out. Hemagglutination test for antigenicity of the virus was also performed to confirm antiviral activity. Results: The flavonoids (100 to 0.195 mg/ml concentrations) were not cytopathic when exposed to CEF cells. After 24 and 48 hours, all the embryonated eggs died at 100 and 50 mg/ml of the flavonoids respectively, but mortalities were not recorded at other concentrations of the flavonoids. Concentrations of the flavonoids at 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml were found to be toxic against IBDV, but viral replication was not inhibited from flavonoids concentrations of 3.125, 1.563, 0.782, 0.391 and 0.195 mg/ml. Conclusion: This investigation revealed that flavonoids from Cucumis metuliferus fruit pulp were relatively safe in chickens and possess antiviral activity against IBDV.
Comparative assessment of Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) for tuberculosis patients in a primary and a tertiary health centre in Nigeria
(Journal of PHARMACY AND BIORESOURCES, 2015-03) Benjamin N. Joseph; Comfort N. Sariem; Dauda A. Dangiwa; Shalkur David; Sunday I. Joseph; Daniel Z. Egah
Abstract Nasarawa State, Nigeria has HIV prevalence of 7.5%. This is capable of fueling and worsening the tuberculosis/HIV epidemic. This study compared TB treatment outcomes between a primary health care and a tertiary health center; it assessed the overlap between TB and HIV. A cross-sectional retrospective design was adopted. Data from the directly observed treatment register for 15 months was abstracted from both facilities. A total of 1678 TB patients files were assessed; the tertiary health center accounted for 33% of the TB population while the primary health care center represented two-thirds. Of the 75% of TB patients who had HIV testing, about 48% were HIV positive. Primary health care facility achieved statistically significant outcomes in cured (43%) representing 86.8% of cured outcome within program, p-value 0.000; treatment completed of 46.1% representing 60.4%, p-value 0.000; and had the least case of treatment default, 1.7% which accounted for 18%, p-value 0.000 while the tertiary health facility attained better outcomes in treatment failure and death rates p-value 0.013 and 0.033 respectively. With an overall successful treatment outcome of about 84%; the primary health care center recorded successful treatment outcome of 89% compared to tertiary health facility which achieved 73%. The overlap between TB and HIV was high. Comparatively, treatment outcomes were significantly better at primary health center.
Contraceptive use among women of child bearing age in two Muslim communities in JOS-North, Plateau State, Nigeria
(World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015-06-02) Benjamin Nasara Joseph; Maxwell Longji.Patrick Dapar; Fatima Ibrahim Muhammad; Dauda Audi Dangiwa; Shalkur David; Nanloh Samuel Jimam
With a fertility rate of 5.7 and population growth rate of 2.6; Nigeria is yet to achieve the fertility rate of 4 children per woman fifteen years after the 2000 set time. This study assessed contraceptive prevalence rate and birth interval practices among women of child bearing age; it examined the effects of culture, religion and knowledge on contraceptive uptake. A cross-sectional study conducted among 288 women at Angwan-Rogo and Angwan-Rimi Muslim communities of Jos-North, Plateau State, Nigeria. The study found a contraceptive prevalence rate of 33% among women 15-49 years with married women accounting for only 13% compared to single women. About 80% of participants were sexually active; only 28% used modern contraceptives in their last sexual intercourse while one-third (33%) ever had deliberate abortion. Over 70% of respondents have their first child at the age of 15-20 years; 55% of them have co-wives, about half of them have 1-4 children while about 30% have 5-12 children per woman. Early marriage and early motherhood has cultural and religious origin that can be influenced by education and awareness. This study found a low contraceptive uptake corresponding with high sexual activity, low birth interval, high parity and polygyny.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EFFECTS OF CHRONIC AND SUB-CHRONIC ADMINISTRATIONS OF METHANOLIC SEED EXTRACT OF GARCINIA KOLA (HECKEL) ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN MALE RODENTS: RELEVANCE ON TRADITIONAL CLAIM OF ITS APHRODISIAC PROPERTIES
(International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2016) Bukata B. Bukar; Mary O. Uguru; Ayo Omolola; Noel N. Wannang
The plant, Garcinia kola, is indigenous to most tropical rain forest of West Africa. Its consumers have for long traditionally claimed the seeds and other parts possess aphrodisiac properties. The animals were treated with the extract by oral administration in doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500-mg/kg-body weight in their respective groups for either 20 days or 60 days. Control group received normal saline 1 ml/100g of body weight accordingly for the same period. The results from this investigation showed that the methanolic seed extract produced a concentration-dependent decrease on blood pressure of an anesthetized male cat, similar with that of acetylcholine, and was blocked by atropine in a competitive manner. The extract cause significant increase on onset of sleep in male rats (P<0.05) and also decreases the duration of sleep (P<0.05). The hematological analysis showed that the extract has anti-thrombotic property through significant increase of bleeding and clotting time (P<0.05) and decrease of platelet counts (P<0.05). Both the duration of treatment with the extract and variation of the doses had significant influence on the outcome of the measured parameters. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. Following abundant and relevant literatures which indicate the correlation between the results of this study and aphrodisiac properties, it is suggested that the results can serve as scientific evidence that supports the traditional claim that Garcinia kola possesses aphrodisiac property that may justify its long-term consumption.
Pharmacists’ knowledge and perceptions about herbal medicines: A case study of Jos and environs
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2017) Nanloh S. Jimam; Benjamin N. Joseph; Dooshima C. Agba
Background: Due to increased health consciousness among the public, the use of herbal products are on the increase on a daily basis. To achieve optimal benefits, there is a need for pharmacists who are the custodians of knowledge on drugs and drugs‑related products to have more understanding and interest in herbal medicine for effective counseling on the products. The purpose of this study was to assess Pharmacists’ knowledge and perceptions regarding herbal medicine use. Methods: Self‑administered questionnaires were administered to 200 pharmacists working within the study areas to fill; after which the collected data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS software programmer, version 20. Results: Only 88.5% of the respondents responded on the questionnaires, and their mean age was 34 years; median year of experience in practice was 8.2 years; and their areas of practice included hospital (56.1%), community (28.1%), academic (8.47%), and industries (4.52%). More than half (76.27%) of them believed that herbal products were more efficacious and safer (61.02%) than orthodox medicines; with almost all of them (94.92%) acknowledging the beneficial effects of incorporating herbal medicines into orthodox medicine practice. However, most of them (72.88%) confessed having little knowledge on herbal remedies, especially drug‑herbs interactions (81.36%), and their main source of information on herbs was from school (56.50%). Conclusions: The result showed poor level of pharmacists’ knowledge on herbal medicine; which might result in poor patients’ counseling on herbal therapy, especially regarding their safety and potential interaction with orthodox medicine.
Self-medication among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-natal Clinics in Jos-North, Nigeria
(International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2017) B. N. Joseph1*, I. J. Ezie2 , B. M. Aya1 and M. L. P. Dapar
Background: Self-medication in pregnancy is a great risk irrespective of consumer’s perceived knowledge about the safety of the medicine or previous use history. Aims: This study examined the extent of self-medication and its determinants among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics. Methods: Pre-tested structured questionnaire was employed to assess the perception, attitude, practices and views of respondents. We selected respondents in an alternate pattern; 350 respondents attending ante-natal clinics at two tertiary hospitals and a primary health care centre in Jos, Nigeria were recruited. We approached respondents with the questionnaires during ante-natal clinics; this was repeated consecutively for six weeks between November 5th, 2014 and December 21st, 2015. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 was used for analysis. Results were presented in descriptive and inferential statistics. P-value < .05 was considered statistically significant for association. Original Research Article Joseph et al.; IJTDH, 21(1): 1-7, 2017; Article no.IJTDH.28248 2 Results: Self-medication was prevalent in 62.9% of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics. Over one-tenth (11.8%) self-medicated with herbal medicine while 6.6% used conventional and herbal medicines concomitantly in the current pregnancy. Majority (87.6%) of respondents demonstrated adequate knowledge about medicine safety issues, yet self-medication practice was high. Having foreknowledge about the condition and its management (31.4%), a history of previous treatment (26.3%) and attitude towards the use of medicine for minor ailments (21.9%) were the major facilitators of self-medication in pregnancy. Conclusion: Self-medication in pregnancy is considerably high (62.9%). Women probably perceived minor ailment requires mild medication purportedly considered safe in pregnancy. Selfmedication in pregnancy increases as knowledge and awareness about the harmful effects of medicine increases, though this interaction is statistically insignificant.
Pharmacists’ Perspectives on Self-medication by Patrons of Community Pharmacies in Jos, Nigeria
(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Internationa, 2017) Maxwell Longji Patrick Dapar1*, Benjamin Nasara Joseph1 , Augustine Christopher Pwul1 and Noel Nenman Wannang
Self-medication with prescription-only-medicine is an important driver of non-rational use of medicines which is highly prevalent in Nigeria, with implications on patients’ health outcomes. Although high accessibility to community pharmacies gives strategic advantage to the Pharmacists to promote responsible self-medication and rational use of medicines, there is a paucity of reported studies on perceptions of community pharmacists regarding self-medication with Prescription-onlyMedicines (POMs) among their clients. This study investigated views, attitudes and experiences of community pharmacists regarding self-medication with POMs. It sought to identify attitudes and experiences of community pharmacists on the subject. A cross-sectional design was explored using semi-structured pre-tested questionnaires administered to respondents. Eighty four registered pharmacists in the study area returned completed questionnaires. Data was managed using SPSS version 17. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse demographic characteristics and attitudes of respondents. Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare respondents’ views in terms of the volume of POMs dispensed without prescription, p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant for association. Most Respondents (99%) reported receiving requests for POMs without prescription, some as high as 150 requests in the week preceding data collection. Although 77% of respondents declined to supply POMs requested without prescriptions, 58% of them were of the view that they had the competence to dispense some POMs with proven efficacy and safety stable patients on long term therapy. This study highlighted the respondents’ views and attitudes towards strict control of POMs supply to optimize patients’ drug therapy needs.
Knowledge, Attitude and the Use of Patient Package Inserts: Perspectives on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy
(International STD Research & Reviews, 2017) B. N. Joseph1* , M. N. Nyam1 , B. M. Aya1 , U. O. Asiegbu1 , J. Bulus2 , D. M. Umar1 , S. I. Joseph3 , P. A. Damun1 , D. W. Dayom1 and M. L. P. Dapar
Introduction: Patient package insert is an innovative tool capable of providing additional medication information in written form; it has the potential to promote adherence to antiretroviral medicines. Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge of respondents on antiretroviral medicines. It determined the proportion of clients who read the Patient Package Inserts (PPIs) for antiretroviral medicines. The study assessed the impact of using the Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional design involving simple random sampling was employed. The study recruited 404 participants from the HIV/AIDS centres of Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BHUTH) and Plateau State Specialist Hospital (PSSH), Jos, Nigeria. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were administered to participants. Data was analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results were presented in descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study revealed that 36.1% of the respondents read the patient package inserts. Reading the package inserts was statistically associated with educational status (p=0.000), marital status (p=0.022), occupation (p=0.000), gender (p=0.000) and religion (p=0.000). Adherence in the last one week significantly correlated with age (p=0.048) and marital status (p=0.002). One-third of the respondents had good perception about patient information leaflets. Using the leaflets had no statistically significant implication on adherence to antiretroviral medicines. Conclusion: The study found poor usability of the patient package inserts among HIV/AIDS clients; although, the adherence level among the clients was quite high.
Foreign Aid Initiatives and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Nigeria: Perspectives on Country Ownership and Humanistic Care
(International STD Research & Reviews, 2017) B. N. Joseph1*, C. A. Abimiku2 , D. A. Dangiwa1 , D. M. Umar1 , K. I. Bulus3 and M. L. P. Dapar1
With a prevalence rate of 3.1%, Nigeria has a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic. Like much other developing countries, Nigeria has to collaborate with development partners to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge. This review assesses the impact of foreign aid initiatives on the fight against HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It examines Nigeria’s capacity and willingness to independently own a sustainable provision of HIV/AIDS care in the country. This paper assesses the outcomes of the HIV/AIDS. Our review indicates that foreign aid initiatives were responsible for the rapid scale-up in HIV/AIDS services and improvement in morbidity and mortality rates. While foreign aids have contributed to the reversal of both prevalence and incidence rates of HIV, donor funded initiatives have overstretched the workforce and the health systems thus diverting healthcare emphases towards specific disease intervention programmes. Evaluation of outcomes measures has consistently excluded viral load assessment, antiretroviral resistant testing and the provision of salvage regimen. Nigeria’s budgetary allocation to the health sector is still very low, consequently, government willingness and commitment to the fight against HIV/AIDS is grossly inadequate. The HIV/AIDS programme is still donors dependent and often seen as “donor-agency things”. The global aid initiatives have recorded a milestone achievement in the fight against HIV infections in Nigeria. While much is needed from the donor agencies, Nigeria must ensure deliberate commitment towards an independent ownership of HIV/AIDS scheme in Nigeria.
Breast cancer in Jos, Nigeria: An audit on knowledge, attitude, and practices
(2017-02-21) Nanloh S. Jimam; Shalkur David; Gboluwaga O. Ejisun
Objectives: The main purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women concerning breast cancer in Jos and environs. Methods: A semi‑structured questionnaire was administered to 400 respondents within the age of 18 years and above residing in Jos North and South Local Government Areas of Plateau state. The data collected were then analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 software programmer. Results: Out of the 400 study populations, only 395 (98.8%) responded to the study and 209 (53.0%) of them fall within the age 18–27 years while 89 (22.6%) were within 28 and 37 years, with only 17.8% and 6.6% in the age groups of 38–47 and ≥48 years, respectively. Two hundred and twenty (55.6%) were single, 153 (38.8%) married, while 8 (2.3%) divorced/separated, and 11 (2.8%) were widowed. The highest number (172 [43.7%]) of the respondents had secondary certificates as their highest academic qualifications, followed by diploma/ The Nigeria Certificate in Education/Community Health Extension Workers (25.1%) and first degree (20.8%). Nearly 95% of the respondents have heard of breast cancer, with 30.94% of them having knowledge of the risk factors, 59.9% knew the signs and symptoms of the disease, and their main source of information (35.8%) was the media. Most of the respondents had positive attitude toward the disease, but their cancer breast screening practices were generally poor as majority of them (47.1%) had no idea of the right age to initiate self‑breast examination, with majority (28.4%) confessing not practicing self‑breast examination very often, neither visiting medical practitioner for breast cancer examination and care. Conclusion: The result of this study shows positive attitudes of the respondents toward the disease though high percentage of them had poor knowledge on risk factors and average knowledge of the signs and symptoms of the disease, in addition to poor breast self‑examination practices. Key Words: Breast cancer, knowledge, attitudes, and practices, risk factors, self‑breast examination
Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in north-central Nigeria
(2018-12-04) Rita O. Ewuga; Olukorede O. Adenuga; Patricia D. Wade; Jemimah O. Edah
Development and validation of instrument for assessing patients’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on uncomplicated malaria management
(CrossMark., 2019) Nanloh S. Jimam; Nahlah E. Ismail; Maxwell L. P. Dapar
Objectives: To develop and validate patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice instrument for uncomplicated malaria (PKAPIUM). Material and Methods: A draft PKAPIUM scale was developed after the review of relevant literature and malaria treatment guidelines, and six experts validated its content. Monte Carlo simulation principle was followed in arriving at 300 patients populations whose data were used to reduce the items based on “Kaiser’s eigenevalue-greater-than-one rule.” This was followed by the test of validity and reliability to assess the psychometric properties of the instrument. Results: The items content validity indices (I-CVI) and the scale CVI (S-CVI) using universal agreement (UA) within experts (S-CVI/UA) and average CVI (S-CVI/Ave) approaches were good (0.8–1.00), with absence of items’ floor or ceiling effects. Twenty-one items were retained in the new scale arranged under four factors with average variance extracted (AVE) and square root AVE values of 0.58–0.70 and 0.76–0.84, respectively, suggesting convergent and discriminant validities. The goodness-of-fit results [Chi-square (CMIN/DF) = 3.07, p = 0.00], standardized root mean square residual = 0.070, root mean square error approximation = 0.08 confirmed the hypothesized factor structures of the scale whose internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values were 0.74 and 0.82, respectively, and stability of ICC = 0.92 [95% confidence interval : 0.87–0.95, F = 43 (p = 0.51)]. Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the PKAPIUM were in acceptable ranges.
PATIENTS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES ON UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA MANAGEMENT IN PLATEAU STATE, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
(ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH, 2019) NANLOH S JIMAM; NAHLAH E ISMAIL
This study aimed to assess patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on uncomplicated malaria management in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities of Plateau state, Nigeria. Methods: A validated self-reported scale known as patients’ KAP instrument for uncomplicated malaria with Cronbach’s alpha reliability of 0.74 was administered to 956 patients that consented to participate in the study across 24 PHC facilities in the state between May and July 2017. The collated data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®) version 23 software. Results: There were more female participants (53.5%) compared to the males (46.5%), and majority (33.4%) within the age range of 28 and 37 years with 26.5% falling within the age range of 18–27 years and children of <18 years of age constituted 13.8% of the study population. About 42.1% of the respondents were married, and many either had secondary (37.3%) or primary (30.0%) education as their highest qualifications. With overall mean (±standard deviation [SD]) attitudes’ score of 34.55 (±7.20), majority (50.8%) were categorized as having average positive attitudes toward disease and its management, and many of them (55.2%) also had good knowledge (mean [±SD] score=4.59 [±1.44]) and practices (67.1%) (mean [±SD] score=14.98 [±3.44]) on the disease and its management. Conclusion: The study indicated respondents’ knowledge and practices on uncomplicated malaria as good, while their attitudes toward the disease
Prescription patterns of antimalarial medicines in selected primary health care (PHC) facilities of Jos north local government area (LGA) of plateau state, Nigeria
(European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 2019) Nanloh S Jimam; Wetkos D Dayom; Micah Y Jingina; Umar D Mohammed
Objectives: The high prevalence of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa has been linked to irrational treatment practices. The present study evaluates prescription patterns of antimalarial drugs in PHC facilities of Jos North LGA of Plateau state, North-Central Nigeria. Materials and methods: Nine hundred (900) patients’ data were extracted retrospectively using Patients’ Medication Review Form (PMRF), and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: Out of 900 patients that were treated for the disease in the selected primary healthcare facilities, majority (61.2%) were female and artemether lumefantrine combination was the most prescribed drug (28.7%) by the prescribers, followed by paracetamol (26.2%) as co-medication. The average number of drugs per prescription was 5.33±0.58 (Mean ±SD). The result indicated irrational prescription practices by the prescribers based on the observed poly pharmacy practices (5.33±0.58 (Mean ±SD)), prescription by generic (66.4%), and inclusion of injectables (18.0%), while their use of antibiotics (21.5%) and prescription from essential drug list were in accordance with the WHO/INRUD optimal levels. Conclusion: The result shows irrational prescription practices in the PHC facilities as there were high practices of poly-pharmacy, poor prescription by generics, and unnecessary inclusion of injectable in patients’ regimens
Psychometric Classical Theory Test and Item Response Theory Validation of Patients’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Uncomplicated Malaria Instrument
(Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2019) Nanloh Samuel Jimam; Sohail Ahmad; Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail
To develop and validate Patients’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Instrument for Uncomplicated Malaria (PKAPIUM) through Classical Test Theory (CTT) complemented by Items Response Theory (IRT). Methods: A draft 31-items’ scale was developed using relevant variables from literature and initially screened by six experts before it was used to collect data from 300 patients receiving treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in Plateau state, Nigeria. An orchestrated classical and modern psychometric approach including CTT and IRT was then used to validate the draft instrument through IBM® Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®) version 23 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS™) software version 22 and Bond and Fox software ®, respectively. Results: The 31-items’ draft scale showed good Item’s Content Validity Index (I-CVI) (> 0.8) with good Universal Agreement (UA) level of Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI/UA) (0.9 – 1) and average CVI(S-CVI/Ave) (0.98 – 1). The CTT and Rasch analyses resulted in retention of twenty one items distributed under Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) constructs, with Average Variance Extracted (AVE), square root AVE,
Pharmaceutical care and medication adherence in management of psychosis in a Nigerian tertiary hospital
(Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice, 2019-08-03) Jonathan Danladi; Kakjing D. Falang; Raymond A. Barde; Nanlok S. Jimam; Dauda A. Dangiwa; Hafsat O. Jimoh
The primary objective of this study is to examine the medication adherence (as a function of pharmaceutical care) and its contributing factors in schizophrenic patients receiving antipsychotic drugs. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study administering a structured questionnaire to 231 patients. Adherence was measured through patient self-reporting. Association between independent variables and adherence to antipsychotics were measured through odds ratios (OR) in the univariate analysis while the best predictors of adherence were determined through the multiple logistic regressions. Findings: Adherence level was found to be 65.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.3-71.9%). The following factors were identified to be associated with adherence in the univariate analysis: age (OR 1.088), sex (OR 1.231), employment (OR 0.366), marital status (singles, OR 0.022), drug adherence counseling (OR 11.641), twice a day frequency (OR 8.434), alcohol non-intake (OR 1.469), educational level (primary OR 1.9312, secondary OR 11.022, tertiary OR 4.771), occupation (public servant 6.273). In the multivariate analysis, age, three times a day frequency of drug intake, singles and educational levels such as primary, secondary or tertiary school, strongly affected adherence (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although patients adherence level was high (65.8%), there is a need to emphasize that pharmacists spend more time in counseling and educating patients, especially younger ones on drug adherence before any antipsychotic medications are dispensed. Furthermore, patients should be taught the use of adherence devices such as reminders so that adherence to antipsychotic medications can be optimized.
Assessment of Knowledge and Competencies of Community Pharmacists for Differentiated HIV Care and Services in Jos, Nigeria
(2019-08-27) DaparM. L. P; JosephB. N; Damun, P. A; Okunlola C. R.; Alphonsus P. N.; Aya B. M.
Background: Knowledge and competence of community pharmacists in HIV care, are essential for translating the goals of differentiated care into improved outcomes. Aims: To assess the knowledge and competence of community pharmacists in Jos, for differentiated HIV care and services. Study Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Place and Duration of Study: Community pharmacies in Jos North and Jos South local government areas of Plateau state, North-Central Nigeria, between September to November, 2018. Methodology: We included community pharmacists who responded to six items on knowledge of HIV therapeutics with each correct answer recording a score of 1 and zero for wrong answers. Respondents with a correct score of 5 or 6 represent good knowledge. We examined competence
Assessment of the knowledge and attitude of Jos residents toward the prevention and treatment of fever
(Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University |, 2019-09-04) Jimam S. Nanloh,; Galam Z. Nanyak1; Dangiwa A. Dauda
A fever is a temporary increase in the body temperature, indicating that something out of the ordinary is going on in the body. Fever is a common sign of changes in the body of patients and a common cause of hospital visits, especially for children. Occurrence of fever in most cases is due to self-limiting viral infection or serious bacterial or other microbial infections. Aim: The study is aimed at assessing the current level of knowledge and attitudes of Jos residents about what fever is all about, its treatment and prevention. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional in design, which involved a two-stage cluster random sampling procedure. Jos is divided into districts and in each districts, the area was broken down to sub-districts from which three zones where selected; based on population within the selected zones, households were randomly numbered and houses assigned odd number were identified. A semi structured interviewer questionnaire was then administered to the respondents and the finally filled questionnaires were then retrieved and analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 software programmer. Result: Out of the 400 respondents, 66.5% falls within the age range of 21-49 years with females constituting 56.5% of the study population. Educationally, 45.9% of the respondents had completed secondary schools while 39.6% had bachelor degree. 67.2% of the respondents agreed that malaria was the common conditions that come with fever, followed by typhoid fever (19%). 26.5% of the respondents agreed that personal preventive/environmental hygiene remain the mainstay when it comes to fever prevention, with 26.5% also believing that the use of pesticides/rodenticides was another preventive measure, whereas 20.6% agreed that chemoprophylaxis was another option. Conclusion: The study showed that the residence of Jos had good knowledge of conditions that are associated with fever and its management, which might be due to the literacy levels of the study population; there is still need to improve their knowledge on the other conditions that comes with fever and their preventive measures