Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice

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    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EFFECTS OF CHRONIC AND SUB-CHRONIC ADMINISTRATIONS OF METHANOLIC SEED EXTRACT OF GARCINIA KOLA (HECKEL) ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN MALE RODENTS: RELEVANCE ON TRADITIONAL CLAIM OF ITS APHRODISIAC PROPERTIES
    (International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2016) Bukata B. Bukar; Mary O. Uguru; Ayo Omolola; Noel N. Wannang
    The plant, Garcinia kola, is indigenous to most tropical rain forest of West Africa. Its consumers have for long traditionally claimed the seeds and other parts possess aphrodisiac properties. The animals were treated with the extract by oral administration in doses of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500-mg/kg-body weight in their respective groups for either 20 days or 60 days. Control group received normal saline 1 ml/100g of body weight accordingly for the same period. The results from this investigation showed that the methanolic seed extract produced a concentration-dependent decrease on blood pressure of an anesthetized male cat, similar with that of acetylcholine, and was blocked by atropine in a competitive manner. The extract cause significant increase on onset of sleep in male rats (P<0.05) and also decreases the duration of sleep (P<0.05). The hematological analysis showed that the extract has anti-thrombotic property through significant increase of bleeding and clotting time (P<0.05) and decrease of platelet counts (P<0.05). Both the duration of treatment with the extract and variation of the doses had significant influence on the outcome of the measured parameters. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. Following abundant and relevant literatures which indicate the correlation between the results of this study and aphrodisiac properties, it is suggested that the results can serve as scientific evidence that supports the traditional claim that Garcinia kola possesses aphrodisiac property that may justify its long-term consumption.
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    Knowledge, Attitude and the Use of Patient Package Inserts: Perspectives on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy
    (International STD Research & Reviews, 2017) B. N. Joseph1* , M. N. Nyam1 , B. M. Aya1 , U. O. Asiegbu1 , J. Bulus2 , D. M. Umar1 , S. I. Joseph3 , P. A. Damun1 , D. W. Dayom1 and M. L. P. Dapar
    Introduction: Patient package insert is an innovative tool capable of providing additional medication information in written form; it has the potential to promote adherence to antiretroviral medicines. Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge of respondents on antiretroviral medicines. It determined the proportion of clients who read the Patient Package Inserts (PPIs) for antiretroviral medicines. The study assessed the impact of using the Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional design involving simple random sampling was employed. The study recruited 404 participants from the HIV/AIDS centres of Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BHUTH) and Plateau State Specialist Hospital (PSSH), Jos, Nigeria. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were administered to participants. Data was analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results were presented in descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study revealed that 36.1% of the respondents read the patient package inserts. Reading the package inserts was statistically associated with educational status (p=0.000), marital status (p=0.022), occupation (p=0.000), gender (p=0.000) and religion (p=0.000). Adherence in the last one week significantly correlated with age (p=0.048) and marital status (p=0.002). One-third of the respondents had good perception about patient information leaflets. Using the leaflets had no statistically significant implication on adherence to antiretroviral medicines. Conclusion: The study found poor usability of the patient package inserts among HIV/AIDS clients; although, the adherence level among the clients was quite high.
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    Foreign Aid Initiatives and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Nigeria: Perspectives on Country Ownership and Humanistic Care
    (International STD Research & Reviews, 2017) B. N. Joseph1*, C. A. Abimiku2 , D. A. Dangiwa1 , D. M. Umar1 , K. I. Bulus3 and M. L. P. Dapar1
    With a prevalence rate of 3.1%, Nigeria has a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic. Like much other developing countries, Nigeria has to collaborate with development partners to fight the HIV/AIDS scourge. This review assesses the impact of foreign aid initiatives on the fight against HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It examines Nigeria’s capacity and willingness to independently own a sustainable provision of HIV/AIDS care in the country. This paper assesses the outcomes of the HIV/AIDS. Our review indicates that foreign aid initiatives were responsible for the rapid scale-up in HIV/AIDS services and improvement in morbidity and mortality rates. While foreign aids have contributed to the reversal of both prevalence and incidence rates of HIV, donor funded initiatives have overstretched the workforce and the health systems thus diverting healthcare emphases towards specific disease intervention programmes. Evaluation of outcomes measures has consistently excluded viral load assessment, antiretroviral resistant testing and the provision of salvage regimen. Nigeria’s budgetary allocation to the health sector is still very low, consequently, government willingness and commitment to the fight against HIV/AIDS is grossly inadequate. The HIV/AIDS programme is still donors dependent and often seen as “donor-agency things”. The global aid initiatives have recorded a milestone achievement in the fight against HIV infections in Nigeria. While much is needed from the donor agencies, Nigeria must ensure deliberate commitment towards an independent ownership of HIV/AIDS scheme in Nigeria.
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    Flavonoids Extracted from Fruit Pulp of Cucumis metuliferus Have Antiviral Properties
    (British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,, 2012) Amagon K. I.; Wannang N. N.; Iliya H. A.; Ior L. D.; Chris-Otubor G. O
    Aim: To investigate the antiviral property of flavonoids from Cucumis metuliferus fruit pulpin chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells and embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) induced with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Study Design: Extraction and administration of bioactive extract. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, University of Jos, Nigeria and Virology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria between June, 2011 and August, 2011. Methodology: The CEF cells were first exposed to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.563, 0.782, 0.391 and 0.195 mg/ml of the sterile flavonoids to test for cytotoxicity and the cells monitored visually daily using a light microscope for evidence of cytopathic effects at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Toxicity of flavonoids in embryonated eggs and antiviral assay for flavonoids using IBDV were then carried out. Hemagglutination test for antigenicity of the virus was also performed to confirm antiviral activity. Results: The flavonoids (100 to 0.195 mg/ml concentrations) were not cytopathic when exposed to CEF cells. After 24 and 48 hours, all the embryonated eggs died at 100 and 50 mg/ml of the flavonoids respectively, but mortalities were not recorded at other concentrations of the flavonoids. Concentrations of the flavonoids at 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml were found to be toxic against IBDV, but viral replication was not inhibited from flavonoids concentrations of 3.125, 1.563, 0.782, 0.391 and 0.195 mg/ml. Conclusion: This investigation revealed that flavonoids from Cucumis metuliferus fruit pulp were relatively safe in chickens and possess antiviral activity against IBDV.
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    Assessment of Knowledge and Competencies of Community Pharmacists for Differentiated HIV Care and Services in Jos, Nigeria
    (2019-08-27) DaparM. L. P; JosephB. N; Damun, P. A; Okunlola C. R.; Alphonsus P. N.; Aya B. M.
    Background: Knowledge and competence of community pharmacists in HIV care, are essential for translating the goals of differentiated care into improved outcomes. Aims: To assess the knowledge and competence of community pharmacists in Jos, for differentiated HIV care and services. Study Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Place and Duration of Study: Community pharmacies in Jos North and Jos South local government areas of Plateau state, North-Central Nigeria, between September to November, 2018. Methodology: We included community pharmacists who responded to six items on knowledge of HIV therapeutics with each correct answer recording a score of 1 and zero for wrong answers. Respondents with a correct score of 5 or 6 represent good knowledge. We examined competence
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    Self-medication among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-natal Clinics in Jos-North, Nigeria
    (International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2017) B. N. Joseph1*, I. J. Ezie2 , B. M. Aya1 and M. L. P. Dapar
    Background: Self-medication in pregnancy is a great risk irrespective of consumer’s perceived knowledge about the safety of the medicine or previous use history. Aims: This study examined the extent of self-medication and its determinants among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics. Methods: Pre-tested structured questionnaire was employed to assess the perception, attitude, practices and views of respondents. We selected respondents in an alternate pattern; 350 respondents attending ante-natal clinics at two tertiary hospitals and a primary health care centre in Jos, Nigeria were recruited. We approached respondents with the questionnaires during ante-natal clinics; this was repeated consecutively for six weeks between November 5th, 2014 and December 21st, 2015. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 was used for analysis. Results were presented in descriptive and inferential statistics. P-value < .05 was considered statistically significant for association. Original Research Article Joseph et al.; IJTDH, 21(1): 1-7, 2017; Article no.IJTDH.28248 2 Results: Self-medication was prevalent in 62.9% of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics. Over one-tenth (11.8%) self-medicated with herbal medicine while 6.6% used conventional and herbal medicines concomitantly in the current pregnancy. Majority (87.6%) of respondents demonstrated adequate knowledge about medicine safety issues, yet self-medication practice was high. Having foreknowledge about the condition and its management (31.4%), a history of previous treatment (26.3%) and attitude towards the use of medicine for minor ailments (21.9%) were the major facilitators of self-medication in pregnancy. Conclusion: Self-medication in pregnancy is considerably high (62.9%). Women probably perceived minor ailment requires mild medication purportedly considered safe in pregnancy. Selfmedication in pregnancy increases as knowledge and awareness about the harmful effects of medicine increases, though this interaction is statistically insignificant.
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    Pharmacists’ Perspectives on Self-medication by Patrons of Community Pharmacies in Jos, Nigeria
    (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Internationa, 2017) Maxwell Longji Patrick Dapar1*, Benjamin Nasara Joseph1 , Augustine Christopher Pwul1 and Noel Nenman Wannang
    Self-medication with prescription-only-medicine is an important driver of non-rational use of medicines which is highly prevalent in Nigeria, with implications on patients’ health outcomes. Although high accessibility to community pharmacies gives strategic advantage to the Pharmacists to promote responsible self-medication and rational use of medicines, there is a paucity of reported studies on perceptions of community pharmacists regarding self-medication with Prescription-onlyMedicines (POMs) among their clients. This study investigated views, attitudes and experiences of community pharmacists regarding self-medication with POMs. It sought to identify attitudes and experiences of community pharmacists on the subject. A cross-sectional design was explored using semi-structured pre-tested questionnaires administered to respondents. Eighty four registered pharmacists in the study area returned completed questionnaires. Data was managed using SPSS version 17. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse demographic characteristics and attitudes of respondents. Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare respondents’ views in terms of the volume of POMs dispensed without prescription, p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant for association. Most Respondents (99%) reported receiving requests for POMs without prescription, some as high as 150 requests in the week preceding data collection. Although 77% of respondents declined to supply POMs requested without prescriptions, 58% of them were of the view that they had the competence to dispense some POMs with proven efficacy and safety stable patients on long term therapy. This study highlighted the respondents’ views and attitudes towards strict control of POMs supply to optimize patients’ drug therapy needs.
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    Comparative assessment of Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) for tuberculosis patients in a primary and a tertiary health centre in Nigeria
    (Journal of PHARMACY AND BIORESOURCES, 2015-03) Benjamin N. Joseph; Comfort N. Sariem; Dauda A. Dangiwa; Shalkur David; Sunday I. Joseph; Daniel Z. Egah
    Abstract Nasarawa State, Nigeria has HIV prevalence of 7.5%. This is capable of fueling and worsening the tuberculosis/HIV epidemic. This study compared TB treatment outcomes between a primary health care and a tertiary health center; it assessed the overlap between TB and HIV. A cross-sectional retrospective design was adopted. Data from the directly observed treatment register for 15 months was abstracted from both facilities. A total of 1678 TB patients files were assessed; the tertiary health center accounted for 33% of the TB population while the primary health care center represented two-thirds. Of the 75% of TB patients who had HIV testing, about 48% were HIV positive. Primary health care facility achieved statistically significant outcomes in cured (43%) representing 86.8% of cured outcome within program, p-value 0.000; treatment completed of 46.1% representing 60.4%, p-value 0.000; and had the least case of treatment default, 1.7% which accounted for 18%, p-value 0.000 while the tertiary health facility attained better outcomes in treatment failure and death rates p-value 0.013 and 0.033 respectively. With an overall successful treatment outcome of about 84%; the primary health care center recorded successful treatment outcome of 89% compared to tertiary health facility which achieved 73%. The overlap between TB and HIV was high. Comparatively, treatment outcomes were significantly better at primary health center.
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    Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in north-central Nigeria
    (2018-12-04) Rita O. Ewuga; Olukorede O. Adenuga; Patricia D. Wade; Jemimah O. Edah
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    Contraceptive use among women of child bearing age in two Muslim communities in JOS-North, Plateau State, Nigeria
    (World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015-06-02) Benjamin Nasara Joseph; Maxwell Longji.Patrick Dapar; Fatima Ibrahim Muhammad; Dauda Audi Dangiwa; Shalkur David; Nanloh Samuel Jimam
    With a fertility rate of 5.7 and population growth rate of 2.6; Nigeria is yet to achieve the fertility rate of 4 children per woman fifteen years after the 2000 set time. This study assessed contraceptive prevalence rate and birth interval practices among women of child bearing age; it examined the effects of culture, religion and knowledge on contraceptive uptake. A cross-sectional study conducted among 288 women at Angwan-Rogo and Angwan-Rimi Muslim communities of Jos-North, Plateau State, Nigeria. The study found a contraceptive prevalence rate of 33% among women 15-49 years with married women accounting for only 13% compared to single women. About 80% of participants were sexually active; only 28% used modern contraceptives in their last sexual intercourse while one-third (33%) ever had deliberate abortion. Over 70% of respondents have their first child at the age of 15-20 years; 55% of them have co-wives, about half of them have 1-4 children while about 30% have 5-12 children per woman. Early marriage and early motherhood has cultural and religious origin that can be influenced by education and awareness. This study found a low contraceptive uptake corresponding with high sexual activity, low birth interval, high parity and polygyny.